A patient is receiving thrombolytic therapy, and the nurse monitors the patient for adverse effects. What is the most common undesirable effect of thrombolytic therapy?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Internal and superficial bleeding. Thrombolytic therapy works by breaking down blood clots, which can lead to bleeding as a side effect. This occurs because the medication can also affect the body's ability to form clots at the site of injury. Internal and superficial bleeding are the most common and serious adverse effects of thrombolytic therapy. Dysrhythmias (choice A) are not typically associated with thrombolytic therapy. Nausea and vomiting (choice B) are common side effects of many medications, but not specifically thrombolytic therapy. Anaphylactic reactions (choice C) are rare but serious allergic reactions and are not the most common undesirable effect of thrombolytic therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because biotransformation refers to the process of physicochemical and biochemical alteration of a drug in the body. This process involves converting a drug into metabolites that are more easily excreted. Choice A is incorrect as it describes accumulation in fat tissue, not transformation. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to binding with plasma proteins, not transformation. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions accumulation in a tissue, not transformation. Thus, only choice D accurately defines biotransformation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The term "potentiation" refers to the intensive increase of drug effects due to their combination. This is the correct answer because potentiation occurs when one drug enhances the effects of another drug when taken together. It's important to note that potentiation is different from cumulative ability (A), which refers to the build-up of a drug's effects over time. It is also distinct from hypersensitivity (B), which is an exaggerated response to a drug due to individual factors. Additionally, potentiation is not the same as fast tolerance developing (C), which is when the body becomes less responsive to a drug with repeated use. In summary, the correct answer, option D, best describes the concept of potentiation in pharmacology.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It has esteratic linkage. Lidocaine is an amide-type local anesthetic, not an ester. It is not a universal anesthetic (A), as it is mainly used for local anesthesia. It is widely used as an antiarrhythmic agent (C) due to its ability to stabilize cell membranes in the heart. Lidocaine is metabolized in the liver (D) by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Therefore, B is incorrect because lidocaine does not have an esteratic linkage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atropine. Atropine is an anticholinergic medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased tear production and dry eyes. This is why patients complain of dry or "sandy" eyes when receiving large doses of Atropine. Summary of other choices: B: Hexamethonium - This is a ganglionic blocking agent used in hypertension, not associated with dry eyes. C: Pilocarpine - This is a cholinergic agonist used to treat glaucoma by increasing tear production, opposite effect of dry eyes. D: Carbachol - This is a cholinergic agonist used in glaucoma, not associated with dry eyes.