A patient is having absence seizures. Which of the following does the nurse expect to be prescribed for this type of seizure? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Valproic acid. Valproic acid is commonly prescribed for absence seizures due to its effectiveness in controlling this specific type of seizure. It works by increasing the levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain, helping to prevent the abnormal electrical activity that leads to absence seizures. Phenytoin (A) and Phenobarbital (B) are not typically used for absence seizures. Phenytoin is more commonly used for focal and tonic-clonic seizures, while Phenobarbital is often used for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Clonazepam (D) is also not the first-line treatment for absence seizures. It is more commonly used for myoclonic seizures and certain types of epilepsy syndromes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Picrotoxin is a GABA-A receptor antagonist that blocks chloride channels, leading to convulsant effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mu receptors (choice C) mediate respiratory depression, a key morphine effect. Mu doesn't cause dysphoria (choice A), kappa causes dysphoria, not euphoria (choice B), and delta (choice D) isn't primarily dysphoric. This correct pairing reflects opioid pharmacology.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Phenytoin follows nonlinear (saturation) kinetics meaning small dose increases can cause disproportionate rises in blood levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor, increases synaptic acetylcholine levels by preventing its breakdown, improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease.