A patient is concerned about the adverse effects of the fibric acid derivative she is taking to lower her cholesterol level. Which is an adverse effect of this class of medication?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diarrhea. Fibric acid derivatives are known to cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea. This occurs due to increased bile acid secretion and can lead to loose stools. Constipation (choice A) is not typically associated with fibric acid derivatives. Joint pain (choice C) is not a common side effect of this medication class. Dry mouth (choice D) is also not a typical adverse effect of fibric acid derivatives. Hence, the correct adverse effect is diarrhea.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The elimination rate constant (Kelim) is a key parameter that quantifies the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. It is directly related to the drug's half-life (t ½). The correct answer is D because the half-life is the time required for the drug concentration to decrease by half in the body, which is a crucial factor in determining the rate of elimination. Rate of absorption (A) refers to the speed at which a drug enters the bloodstream, not its elimination. Maximal concentration in plasma (B) and highest single dose (C) are not directly related to the elimination rate constant, making them incorrect choices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Procaine. Procaine is an ester local anesthetic that is derived from benzoic acid. It is commonly known as Novocain. Lidocaine (A) is an amide local anesthetic. Ropivacaine (C) is also an amide local anesthetic. Cocaine (D) is a natural alkaloid derivative and not an ester of benzoic acid. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it is the only option that matches the criteria provided in the question.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist, meaning it specifically targets muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are primarily found at neuromuscular junctions and act on skeletal muscle. Bethanechol's main action is on smooth muscle, particularly in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. It is used to stimulate bladder contractions in cases of urinary retention and to treat abdominal distention. Choice A is incorrect because bethanechol is not resistant to hydrolysis, and choice B is incorrect because it is purely muscarinic in action, not exerting nicotinic effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glaucoma. Antimuscarinics are not used in the treatment of glaucoma because they can increase intraocular pressure, worsening the condition. Motion sickness, hyperhidrosis, and asthma can all be treated with antimuscarinics due to their ability to block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, thereby reducing symptoms associated with these disorders. It is important to remember that antimuscarinics can have various effects on different organ systems based on the receptors they block, so their use must be carefully tailored to the specific condition being treated.