A patient is admitted with a 2-month history of fatigue, SOB, pallor, and dizziness. The patient is diagnosed with idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anemia. On reviewing the laboratory results, the nurse notes which of the following that confirms this diagnosis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In patients with idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys its own red blood cells (RBCs). When the red blood cells are destroyed, they can break apart, leading to the presence of fragmented RBCs, also known as schistocytes or red cell fragments, in the peripheral blood. The presence of RBC fragments is a characteristic finding in this type of hemolytic anemia and helps confirm the diagnosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: IgE is the immunoglobulin specific to an allergic response. When an individual is exposed to an allergen, the immune system produces IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells and basophils. Upon re-exposure to the same allergen, these IgE antibodies trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic symptoms such as itching, swelling, and inflammation. IgE is not normally found in high concentrations in the bloodstream unless there is an allergic reaction occurring. Other immunoglobulins like IgA, IgG, and IgM are not specifically associated with allergic responses.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately after transplantation, within minutes to up to 24 hours. It is a rapid and severe rejection reaction that is usually irreversible. It occurs due to pre-existing antibodies against the donor organ. In hyperacute rejection, the transplanted kidney must be removed to prevent further complications and ensure the safety of the patient. Treatment with immunosuppressive medications like cyclosporine or corticosteroids is not effective in this situation. Bone marrow transplant is not indicated in the treatment of hyperacute rejection.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Zidovudine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection, including in AIDS patients. It is important to follow the prescribed dosing schedule to maintain consistent drug levels in the body and effectively control the HIV virus. Taking zidovudine every 4 hours around the clock helps ensure the medication's therapeutic effects are maintained throughout the day. It is crucial for the client to adhere to the prescribed dosing regimen to prevent the development of drug resistance and to achieve the best treatment outcomes. Taking zidovudine with meals, on an empty stomach, or taking over-the-counter drugs for minor adverse reactions are not the correct instructions related to the dosing schedule of zidovudine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, which is a soft tissue found in the center of most bones in the body. The process of blood cell formation is known as hematopoiesis. Bone marrow contains stem cells that can develop into different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells play essential roles in carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and assisting in blood clotting. While the other choices listed (arterioles, lymphoid tissue, and muscle tissue) have important functions in the body, blood cell formation specifically occurs primarily in the bone marrow.