A patient is admitted to the hospital for a carotid angiogram with stent placement. The patient's spouse states, 'I don’t want my spouse to find out there is a risk of a stroke connected with this procedure because they won’t sign the consent form.' The cardiac-vascular nurse’s most appropriate action is to:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse must ensure the patient’s informed consent by assessing their understanding of risks (e.g., stroke), benefits, and alternatives, respecting autonomy. B misleads, C avoids full disclosure, and D is procedural, not ethical.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A heart attack is medically termed myocardial infarction (Choice B), referring to the death of heart muscle (myocardium) due to prolonged lack of oxygen, typically from a blocked coronary artery. Myocarditis (Choice A) is heart muscle inflammation, endocarditis (Choice C) is infection of the heart’s inner lining, and pericarditis (Choice D) is inflammation of the heart’s outer sac—none describe a heart attack. Choice B is correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The heart is covered by the pericardium, a double-layered sac (fibrous and serous layers) that encloses and protects it. The epicardium is the heart’s outer layer, not a covering sac, and 'supracardium' is not a valid term.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: At the venular end, colloid osmotic pressure (about 25 mmHg, due to plasma proteins) exceeds the lower hydrostatic pressure (about 15 mmHg), pulling interstitial fluid back into the capillary. Capillary pores facilitate this, but the driving force is osmotic.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In veins, the tunica media (smooth muscle layer) is poorly developed compared to arteries, as veins rely more on valves and external forces (e.g., muscle pump) than muscle contraction for blood movement.