A patient hospitalized with a fractured femur after an automobile accident develops nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, and restlessness. The nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing which reaction?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Opioid withdrawal. The symptoms described, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and restlessness, are common manifestations of opioid withdrawal. Opioids depress the central nervous system, and abrupt discontinuation can lead to withdrawal symptoms as the body tries to readjust. Symptoms usually appear within 6-12 hours after the last dose. Other choices (B) Alcohol toxicity presents with confusion, stupor, and respiratory depression. (C) Flashbacks from LSD use are characteristic of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. (D) Nicotine withdrawal typically includes irritability, anxiety, and cravings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C - "Avoid mixing medications into infant formula." This is important because mixing medications into infant formula can alter the medication's efficacy or cause serious harm to the infant. It is crucial to administer medications as directed by healthcare providers to ensure proper dosage and absorption. Incorrect choices: A - Administering GI-irritating drugs with food may reduce stomach irritation, but it is not always necessary and depends on specific drug instructions. B - The statement about sublingual nitroglycerin is unrelated to the administration of oral medications. D - Adding water and crushing drugs before disposal is not a standard practice for administering oral medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because mixing drugs in dessert poses a risk of incorrect dosage, interaction, or reduced effectiveness. This statement indicates a lack of understanding about medication safety, administration, and effectiveness. Option A is a correct statement about sublingual nitroglycerin administration. Option B emphasizes proper labeling for high-alert drugs. Option D is incorrect as crushing and adding water before disposing is a safe medication disposal practice. Mixing drugs with food could lead to unpredictable outcomes and must be avoided.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The addition of glucuronic acid to a drug is a process known as glucuronidation, a Phase II metabolism reaction. This conjugation reaction is essential for detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. By adding glucuronic acid, the drug becomes more water-soluble, facilitating its excretion. Therefore, Option B is correct as it leads to inactivation of the drug. Option A is incorrect as it actually increases water solubility. Option C is incorrect as glucuronidation is a Phase II reaction. Option D is incorrect as the rate of glucuronidation can vary between adults and newborns due to developmental differences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Liver. Bio-transformation of drugs mainly occurs in the liver due to the presence of enzymes responsible for metabolizing drugs. The liver plays a crucial role in breaking down drugs into metabolites that can be excreted from the body. The kidney (A) primarily filters and eliminates waste products, not metabolize drugs. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and immune response, not drug metabolism. The brain (C) is mainly responsible for neurological functions, not drug metabolism. Thus, the liver is the primary site for bio-transformation of drugs.