A patient has received an overdose of intravenous heparin, and is showing signs of excessive bleeding. Which substance is the antidote for heparin overdose?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin overdose. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the action of thrombin and factor Xa. Protamine works by binding to heparin and neutralizing its anticoagulant effects. This helps to reverse the effects of heparin and control excessive bleeding in cases of overdose. It is important to administer protamine sulfate promptly to counteract the effects of heparin and prevent further bleeding complications. Options A, B, and D are not the correct antidotes for heparin overdose.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A loading dose achieves therapeutic levels quickly for drugs with long half-lives or urgent needs. Clozapine's slow titration avoids agranulocytosis, not rapid loading. Zolmitriptan, for acute migraine, acts fast without loading due to short half-life. Amiodarone, with a half-life of weeks, uses loading doses (e.g., 800-1600 mg/day) to rapidly control arrhythmias, rational for urgent onset. Levodopa's short half-life and titration in Parkinson's don't require loading. Doxazosin, for hypertension, starts low to avoid first-dose hypotension. Amiodarone's pharmacokinetics and arrhythmia urgency make loading advised, balancing efficacy and toxicity risks.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin overdose. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the action of thrombin and factor Xa. Protamine works by binding to heparin and neutralizing its anticoagulant effects. This helps to reverse the effects of heparin and control excessive bleeding in cases of overdose. It is important to administer protamine sulfate promptly to counteract the effects of heparin and prevent further bleeding complications. Options A, B, and D are not the correct antidotes for heparin overdose.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Montelukast is a medication commonly used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. Its therapeutic effects include decreased frequency and severity of acute asthma attacks, decreased severity of allergic rhinitis, and decreased attacks of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. However, Montelukast is not associated with treating anxiety attacks. Anxiety is a mental health condition that is typically managed with appropriate therapy and medication specifically designed for anxiety disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Osteomalacia softens bones-vitamin D with calcium boosts absorption, correcting deficiency, per pathophysiology. Veggies and milk help but lack D's focus. Potassium is unrelated-D drives calcium use. This duo restores balance, per treatment.