A patient has pitting pedal edema, crackles, and an elevated blood pressure. The nurse concludes that the patient has fluid volume excess. Which type of reasoning did the nurse use?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inductive reasoning. The nurse used inductive reasoning by observing specific signs and symptoms (pitting pedal edema, crackles, elevated blood pressure) and making a general conclusion (fluid volume excess). Inductive reasoning involves deriving general principles from specific observations. A: Theoretical reasoning involves applying established theories or principles to a situation. In this case, the nurse is not applying a theoretical framework but rather drawing a conclusion from observed data. C: Deductive reasoning involves starting with a general principle and applying it to a specific situation to reach a specific conclusion. This is not the case here as the nurse started with specific symptoms and reached a general conclusion. D: Conceptual reasoning involves using abstract concepts or ideas to analyze a situation. The nurse's reasoning was more based on concrete observations rather than abstract concepts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: generate knowledge to guide practice. Nursing research aims to expand the knowledge base in the field, leading to evidence-based practice. By conducting research, nurses can identify best practices, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the quality of care provided. Research generates new knowledge that informs decision-making and shapes the direction of nursing practice. A: determine outcomes for clients - While determining outcomes is important in nursing research, it is not the primary reason for conducting research. Research goes beyond just measuring outcomes to generate new knowledge. B: prevent further disease and death - While research can contribute to preventing disease and improving health outcomes, the primary goal of nursing research is to generate knowledge rather than solely focusing on prevention. C: quantify outcomes related to clients - Quantifying outcomes is a part of nursing research, but the main purpose is not just to measure outcomes but to generate knowledge that can be applied in practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: the client's priorities. When developing a teaching plan, it is essential to consider the client's priorities first because it ensures that the educational content aligns with their individual needs and goals. Understanding the client's priorities helps tailor the teaching plan to address their specific concerns and motivates them to engage in the learning process effectively. Vital signs (choice B) are important but are typically assessed during the initial client assessment, not during the teaching plan development. Insurance coverage (choice C) and economic resources (choice D) may impact access to care but are not the primary focus when designing a teaching plan.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct way to document the nurse's assessment finding of an intact, reddened, and non-blanchable coccyx wound in an older adult is as a stage I pressure injury. In stage I pressure injuries, the skin is intact but shows non-blanchable redness, indicating potential tissue damage. This finding aligns with the description provided in the question. Stage II pressure injuries involve partial-thickness skin loss, which is not the case here. Stage III injuries involve full-thickness tissue loss without bone, and stage IV injuries involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone or muscle, both of which are more severe than the presented findings. Therefore, the best way to document this assessment finding is as a stage I pressure injury.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protection of client. HIPAA ensures the confidentiality and security of patients' health information. In nursing research, maintaining the privacy and protection of participants is crucial to uphold ethical standards. This includes obtaining informed consent, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring anonymity. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because HIPAA primarily focuses on safeguarding patient privacy rather than cost, research methods, or publication venues.