A patient has been taking hydrocodone, and opioid analgesic for their

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Naloxone is the antidote commonly used to reverse the effects of opioid toxicity, including hydrocodone. Naloxone works by competitively binding to opioid receptors in the brain, displacing the opioid molecules, and reversing their effects. It effectively antagonizes the respiratory depression, sedation, and analgesic effects caused by opioids like hydrocodone. Administering naloxone can quickly reverse these dangerous effects and help restore respiratory function in cases of opioid overdose or toxicity. Naloxone is commonly used in emergency settings and can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or intranasally. It is crucial for healthcare providers to be familiar with naloxone and its administration in managing opioid toxicity.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the production of certain clotting factors in the liver, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X. By doing so, warfarin prevents the formation of new blood clots. It does not have the ability to dissolve existing blood clots, as that function is typically carried out by different types of medications known as thrombolytics. Warfarin is commonly prescribed to prevent and treat blood clots in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Tennis is a low-impact activity that is generally safe for patients on methotrexate, as it minimizes the risk of injury and bleeding. High-impact or contact sports like basketball, ice hockey, and football are discouraged due to the increased risk of trauma and bleeding, especially since methotrexate can cause myelosuppression. Encouraging safe physical activity is important for overall health, but precautions must be taken to avoid complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metoprolol, a beta-blocker, can cause bradycardia. The nurse must assess the patient’s heart rate before administration to ensure it is within a safe range (typically >60 beats/minute). Respirations (A), temperature (B), and oxygen saturation (D) are less critical for metoprolol administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Drugs that block both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are primarily used to treat cardiac-related conditions. Phentolamine, a nonselective alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, is used to treat extravasation of IV norepinephrine or dopamine and hypertension related to a pheochromocytoma. Alpha1-selective adrenergic blocking agents are used for treatment of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The beta-adrenergic blocking agents are used to treat cardiovascular problems (hypertension, angina, migraine headaches) and to prevent reinfarction after myocardial infarction. Beta1-selective adrenergic blocking agents are used for treating hypertension, angina, and some cardiac arrhythmias. The nurse should understand the indications for these agents to ensure safe and effective administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The therapeutic range for digoxin levels is typically considered to be between 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL for patients with heart failure. A digoxin level of 1.1 ng/mL falls within this range, indicating that the patient's digoxin level is appropriate for therapeutic effects. This level suggests that the patient is receiving an appropriate dose of digoxin to achieve the desired therapeutic response without reaching toxic levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Omeprazole is classified as an antiulcer agent. It belongs to the class of medications known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which work by reducing the production of stomach acid. Omeprazole is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Its main therapeutic effects include reducing stomach acid secretion and promoting the healing of ulcers.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Propranolol goes through extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. This means that after oral administration, a significant portion of the drug is metabolized by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. This process reduces the bioavailability of propranolol. As a result, higher doses are often required for oral administration compared to other routes of administration, such as intravenous. Heparin, insulin, nitroglycerine, and warfarin do not undergo extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Mefloquine is an antimalarial drug that can cause hepatotoxicity, so liver enzyme tests are often ordered to monitor for liver damage. Blood glucose, sputum culture, and white blood cell count are not directly related to mefloquine use.