A patient has been experiencing vaginal bleeding and cramping, which the nurse suspects could be an early sign of a miscarriage. Which of the following should the nurse assess for during this examination?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Weight loss and fatigue. In the context of vaginal bleeding and cramping, weight loss and fatigue are concerning signs that may indicate a potential miscarriage. Weight loss could be due to decreased appetite or nutritional deficiencies associated with the stress of a miscarriage. Fatigue may result from hormonal changes and emotional distress. Assessing for weight loss and fatigue helps the nurse monitor the patient's overall well-being and provide appropriate support. Choice A (Hyperthyroidism) is incorrect as it is not directly related to the symptoms of vaginal bleeding and cramping suggestive of a possible miscarriage. Choice B (High blood pressure) is also incorrect as it is not typically associated with early signs of a miscarriage. Choice D (Changes in breast size or tenderness) is incorrect as these symptoms are more commonly related to pregnancy rather than miscarriage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can lead to scarring and narrowing of the fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy. This is because the fertilized egg may get stuck in the narrowed tube, leading to an ectopic pregnancy. A: Previous pelvic surgery is a risk factor, but it is not the most common one for ectopic pregnancy. B: Endometriosis can also affect fallopian tubes but is not the most common risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. C: Tubal ligation is a form of contraception that reduces the risk of pregnancy but does not increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. In summary, PID is the most common risk factor for ectopic pregnancy due to its potential to cause fallopian tube scarring and narrowing, leading to the implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Albumin. Albumin is a protein normally found in blood but not in urine. Its presence in urine, known as proteinuria, may indicate a problem with the kidneys such as kidney damage or dysfunction in filtering blood. Bilirubin (B) is a product of red blood cell breakdown and its presence in urine indicates liver or bile duct issues. Ammonium (C) is a normal byproduct of protein metabolism and is excreted in urine. Urea (D) is a waste product of protein metabolism and is normally found in urine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Angiotensin II does not decrease blood pressure; it actually increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, and ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption, leading to increased blood volume and pressure. Therefore, D is incorrect because Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phimosis. Phimosis is the adhesion of the prepuce to the head of the penis, leading to the inability to retract the foreskin. This condition can cause pain, difficulty urinating, and increased risk of infections. Paraphimosis (choice A) is the painful retraction of a foreskin that is stuck behind the glans. Smegma (choice C) is a buildup of dead skin cells and oils under the foreskin. Dyschezia (choice D) is difficulty in passing stools. In this case, phimosis best describes the situation of adhesion preventing foreskin retraction.