A patient had abdominal surgery 3 months ago and calls the clinic with complaints of severe abdominal pain and cramping, vomiting, and bloating. What should the nurse most likely suspect as the cause of the patient’s problem?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms after abdominal surgery would be option B) Adhesion. Adhesions are fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, often as a result of surgery. These adhesions can cause the structures to become stuck together, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, cramping, vomiting, and bloating. Option A) Infection is less likely in this case because the symptoms described are more indicative of a mechanical issue like adhesions rather than an infectious process. Option C) Contracture refers to the shortening or tightening of muscles, which is not typically associated with the symptoms described by the patient. Option D) Evisceration is the protrusion of organs through a surgical incision, which would present with more severe and immediate symptoms like visible organ protrusion and would require urgent medical attention. In an educational context, understanding post-operative complications like adhesions is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to provide timely and appropriate care to patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of potential complications allows for early intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) a multifactorial genetic disorder. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not solely caused by a single gene or chromosome disorder, as suggested in options A and B. It is also not an acquired genetic disorder as implied in option C. Instead, type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Multiple genes contribute to the risk of developing this condition, along with triggers such as viral infections or dietary factors. This explains why the patient's family history may not directly link to his condition. Understanding the multifactorial nature of type 1 diabetes mellitus is crucial in patient education and in highlighting the importance of lifestyle modifications and monitoring for individuals at risk. This knowledge empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Interferon plays a crucial role in the body's defense against viruses by inducing the production of antiviral proteins in cells that prevent viral replication. This is the correct answer (Option C) because interferons are signaling proteins released by cells in response to viral infections, alerting neighboring cells to heighten their antiviral defenses. By stimulating the production of these antiviral proteins, interferon helps to limit the spread of viruses within the body. Option A is incorrect because interferon does not directly attack and destroy virus-infected cells. Option B is incorrect as interferon does not primarily work by activating phagocytes (cells that engulf and digest pathogens). Option D is also incorrect as interferon is not produced by virus-infected cells to prevent viral transmission but rather by healthy cells in response to viral presence. In an educational context, understanding how interferon functions in the immune system is essential for grasping the body's defense mechanisms against viral infections. By learning about the role of interferon in inducing an antiviral state in cells, students can appreciate the intricate ways in which the immune system combats pathogens. This knowledge is crucial for healthcare professionals in fields such as pharmacology to utilize interferon-based therapies effectively in treating various immune system disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of immune system disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis, the correct answer is C) Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction. This type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Option A) Type I hypersensitivity is more related to allergies and immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE antibodies, not typically seen in these disorders. Option B) Type II hypersensitivity involves cytotoxic reactions where antibodies target specific cells for destruction, which is not the primary mechanism in these conditions. Option D) Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed response involving T cells rather than circulating antibodies and is more commonly associated with conditions like contact dermatitis or organ transplant rejection, not typically seen in rheumatoid arthritis or acute glomerulonephritis. Understanding the different types of hypersensitivity reactions is crucial in pharmacology to appropriately manage immune system disorders and select the most effective treatment strategies. Recognizing the specific type of immune response involved can guide the choice of pharmacological interventions, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants, tailored to each patient's condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and immune system disorders related to acute transplant rejection, the correct answer is D) The recipient’s T cytotoxic lymphocytes attack the foreign organ. This is because acute transplant rejection involves the recipient's immune system recognizing the transplanted organ as foreign and mounting an immune response against it, primarily through the activation of T cytotoxic lymphocytes. Option A) Treatment is supportive is incorrect because acute transplant rejection typically requires immediate medical intervention beyond just supportive care, such as immunosuppressive medications. Option B) Only occurs with transplanted kidneys is incorrect because acute transplant rejection can occur with any transplanted organ, not just kidneys. Option C) Organ must be removed when it occurs is incorrect because not all cases of acute transplant rejection require the removal of the organ; prompt medical treatment can often reverse the rejection process and salvage the transplanted organ. Educational context: Understanding the mechanisms of acute transplant rejection is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in caring for transplant patients. Knowledge of how the immune system responds to foreign organs and the role of T cytotoxic lymphocytes in rejection is essential for proper management and treatment of transplant recipients. Immunology and pharmacology play key roles in preventing and managing acute transplant rejection episodes.