A patient diagnosed with major depressive disorder does not interact with others except when addressed and then only in monosyllables. The nurse wants to show nonjudgmental acceptance and support for the patient. Select the nurse's most effective approach to communication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Make observations on neutral topics. This approach is the most effective because it allows the nurse to engage the patient in a non-threatening manner, providing opportunities for the patient to participate in the conversation at their comfort level. By making observations on neutral topics, the nurse can show nonjudgmental acceptance and support, which is crucial in building rapport with a patient diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Option B) Ask the patient direct questions may be seen as intrusive and overwhelming for a patient who is not engaging voluntarily. This approach may increase the patient's feelings of discomfort and may lead to further withdrawal. Option C) Phrasing questions to require 'yes' or 'no' answers limits the patient's ability to express themselves and may not foster a sense of open communication or trust. Option D) Frequently reassuring the patient to reduce guilt feelings may not address the underlying issues contributing to the patient's depressive symptoms. While reassurance can be helpful in certain situations, it may not be the most effective approach in this scenario. In an educational context, it is important for nurses to understand the principles of therapeutic communication when interacting with patients with mental health disorders. Building trust, showing empathy, and using open-ended questions or neutral observations can help create a safe and supportive environment for patients to express themselves and engage in meaningful interactions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In caring for a patient on lithium for a mood disorder, monitoring for side effects is crucial. The correct answer is C) Polyuria, polydipsia, and fine hand tremors. Lithium is known to cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, leading to increased urination (polyuria) and thirst (polydipsia). Fine hand tremors are also common with lithium use. Option A) Tremors, nausea, and weight gain are more commonly associated with antipsychotic medications, not lithium used for mood disorders. Option B) Blurred vision, dizziness, and hyperactivity are not typical side effects of lithium. These symptoms may be seen with other medications or conditions, but not specifically with lithium. Option D) Fatigue, drowsiness, and headache are not primary side effects of lithium. While fatigue and drowsiness can occur, they are less common compared to the symptoms listed in option C. Educationally, understanding the side effects of psychiatric medications is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care. Recognizing the specific side effects of lithium helps in early detection and management, ensuring optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of preparing a client for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), it is crucial for the client to have a clear understanding of what to expect during the procedure. Option A, "This procedure will cause me to have brief seizures," is the correct answer because it accurately reflects the nature of ECT. ECT involves inducing a controlled seizure in the brain to help alleviate symptoms of certain mental health conditions. Option B, "I will be able to eat breakfast prior to my procedure," is incorrect because typically, clients undergoing ECT are required to fast prior to the procedure to reduce the risk of complications such as aspiration. Option C, "I will not need to have a pre-ECT workup before the procedure," is incorrect because a thorough pre-ECT workup is essential to ensure the client's safety and appropriateness for ECT treatment. Option D, "One ECT treatment will be effective for my depression," is incorrect because ECT is usually administered over a series of treatments to achieve optimal therapeutic benefits. From an educational perspective, it is important for nurses to provide accurate information to clients undergoing ECT to alleviate anxiety and ensure informed decision-making. Understanding the procedure helps clients feel more in control and engaged in their treatment, ultimately leading to better outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Executive function. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, particularly in areas such as memory, language, and executive function. Executive function refers to the ability to plan, organize, and manage tasks effectively, including multitasking. Individuals with Alzheimer's often struggle with executive functions due to damage in the frontal lobes of the brain. Option A) Perceptual-motor deficits involve coordination and movement issues, which are not typically associated with Alzheimer's disease. Option B) Learning and memory deficits are common in Alzheimer's but do not directly relate to the ability to multitask. Option D) Complex attention involves sustained focus and concentration, which is different from the ability to multitask and manage multiple tasks simultaneously. Educationally, understanding the specific cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease is crucial for nurses caring for patients with this condition. By recognizing the impact of executive function impairment on multitasking abilities, nurses can provide appropriate support and interventions to help patients maintain their independence and quality of life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of working with a patient diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the most appropriate intervention is option D: Help the patient identify coping mechanisms and support systems. This is the correct choice because individuals with PTSD often benefit from learning and utilizing coping strategies to manage symptoms and navigate daily challenges. By helping the patient identify coping mechanisms tailored to their specific needs, the nurse empowers the individual to better regulate their emotions, reduce anxiety, and improve overall well-being. Option A, providing exposure therapy to confront trauma-related memories, may not be suitable initially as it can be overwhelming and retraumatizing for some individuals with PTSD. Gradual exposure under professional guidance may be more appropriate. Option B, encouraging the patient to avoid any discussions about the traumatic event, is not recommended as avoidance can perpetuate symptoms and hinder the healing process in the long run. It is important for individuals with PTSD to process and work through their experiences in a safe and supportive environment. Option C, administering sedative medications to manage anxiety during flashbacks, may be a short-term solution for acute distress but does not address the underlying issues associated with PTSD. Medications should be used in conjunction with therapy and coping strategies for optimal outcomes. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind choosing appropriate interventions for individuals with PTSD is crucial for healthcare professionals. By prioritizing the identification of coping mechanisms and support systems, nurses can actively contribute to the holistic care and recovery of patients with PTSD, fostering resilience and empowerment in their journey towards healing.