A patient calls the clinic office saying that the cholestyramine (Questran) powder he started yesterday clumps and sticks to the glass when he tries to mix it. The nurse will suggest what method for mixing this medication for administration?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mix the powder with food or fruit, or at least 4 to 6 ounces of fluid. This method is recommended for cholestyramine (Questran) powder as it helps prevent clumping and ensures proper mixing for administration. Mixing with food or fruit can help mask the texture and taste, making it easier for the patient to consume. Additionally, mixing with an adequate amount of fluid ensures the medication is properly dissolved and absorbed in the body. Incorrect choices: A: Mixing with a carbonated soda drink is not recommended as it may not effectively dissolve the powder and may lead to clumping. B: Stirring vigorously may not be sufficient to dissolve the powder properly and could result in clumping. D: Taking the powder dry followed by water is not ideal as it may lead to difficulty swallowing and inadequate absorption of the medication.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because elimination is defined as the clearance speed of a substance from the blood, indicating how efficiently the kidneys remove a substance from the bloodstream over a given period. This process is quantified by measuring the volume of blood cleared of the substance per unit time. Choices A, C, and D do not directly refer to the process of elimination as described, making them incorrect. Choice A refers to reabsorption, not elimination. Choice C describes half-life, not elimination rate. Choice D refers to clearance of a xenobiotic from an organism, which is related but not the precise definition of elimination in the context of pharmacokinetics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The ability to diffuse to the site of action. Ionizable groups in a molecule can influence its ability to cross cell membranes and reach the target site. Potency and toxicity (choice A) are determined by the molecule's interaction with the target, not just ionizable groups. Duration of action (choice B) can be affected by various factors, not solely ionizable groups. Choice D is incorrect because ionizable groups do not directly impact potency, toxicity, and duration of action simultaneously.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Acetylcholine is a direct-acting cholinomimetic that quickly hydrolyzes by acetylcholinesterase, leading to a short duration of action. Step 2: Methacholine, Carbachol, and Bethanechol are also direct-acting cholinomimetics but are more resistant to enzymatic degradation, resulting in longer durations of action. Summary: Acetylcholine has the shortest duration of action due to rapid enzymatic degradation compared to the other choices. Methacholine, Carbachol, and Bethanechol have longer durations of action as they are more resistant to enzymatic degradation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Atropine is an antimuscarinic drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. 2. In mushroom poisoning, toxins can lead to excessive stimulation of muscarinic receptors. 3. Atropine counteracts this effect by blocking the receptors, reducing symptoms like excessive salivation, sweating, and bradycardia. 4. Pralidoxime is used for organophosphate poisoning, not mushroom poisoning. 5. Pilocarpine and homatropine are muscarinic agonists, which would worsen symptoms of mushroom poisoning by further stimulating muscarinic receptors.