A patient becomes emotional while discussing their recent diagnosis. What is the nurse's most appropriate response?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Acknowledging the patient's emotions and offering empathy and support is the most appropriate response in this situation. It is important for the nurse to show understanding and compassion towards the patient, especially when they are feeling emotional about a recent diagnosis. By acknowledging the patient's emotions, the nurse can create a supportive environment that facilitates open communication and helps the patient feel heard and valued. This approach can also help build trust between the patient and the nurse, leading to better outcomes in terms of patient care and overall well-being. Ignoring the patient's emotions, telling them to stop being emotional, or changing the subject may make the patient feel dismissed or isolated, which could negatively impact their mental and emotional state. Thus, offering empathy and support is key in helping the patient cope with their emotions and navigate through their diagnosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Introducing solid food to a three-month-old baby is considered a poor healthcare attitude as it goes against the recommended guidelines for infant feeding. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other health authorities suggest exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a baby's life, followed by the introduction of safe and appropriate complementary foods. Introducing solid food too early can increase the risk of food allergies, obesity, and other health issues in babies. Therefore, a young mother introducing solid food to her three-month-old baby is evidence of a poor family coping index related to healthcare attitudes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in immune defense against pathogens, particularly in phagocytosis - the process by which they engulf and destroy invading microorganisms. In a severe fungal infection, impaired neutrophil function would most likely affect their ability to effectively perform phagocytosis, leading to a compromised immune response against the fungal pathogen. This would result in increased susceptibility to the infection and potentially severe outcomes for the patient. Antibody production, cytokine secretion, and mast cell degranulation are important components of the immune response, but neutrophils are primarily responsible for phagocytosis in the innate immune system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation described with sudden-onset, painless vision loss, a cherry-red spot at the macula, and attenuated retinal vessels is classic for central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). CRAO occurs when the central retinal artery, which supplies blood to the inner retinal layers, becomes occluded. The cherry-red spot is due to the exposure of the underlying choroid, which still appears red as it is not affected by the blockage. Attenuated retinal vessels and a pale retina may also be seen due to ischemia. In contrast, central retinal vein occlusion (choice B) presents with sudden painless vision loss, retinal hemorrhages, dilated retinal veins, and cotton-wool spots. Retinal detachment (choice C) typically presents with flashes, floaters, and a curtain-like shadow across the vision. Acute angle-closure glaucoma (

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cromolyn sodium (nasal crom) is a mast cell stabilizer that is commonly used to prevent symptoms of allergic rhinitis, such as sneezing, itching, and congestion. It works best when used before exposure to allergens. The most effective administration schedule for nasal crom is to start using it just after allergy symptoms begin, with a dose of twice-a-day. This helps to prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances from mast cells, thereby reducing allergic symptoms. Using nasal crom in this way can help provide relief and improve the overall management of allergic rhinitis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a patient with a suspected spinal injury is found unconscious, the priority action is to secure the airway without jeopardizing the cervical spine. A jaw thrust maneuver is the appropriate technique to open the airway in this situation because it allows for the maintenance of neutral alignment of the cervical spine while ensuring proper ventilation. Moving the patient to a flat surface or applying a cervical collar could potentially worsen the spinal injury if not done correctly, and checking for responsiveness should only be done after ensuring a patent airway. Therefore, the safest and most effective initial action is to perform a jaw thrust maneuver to establish a clear airway.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pemoline (Cylert) is a central nervous system stimulant used in the treatment of ADHD. One of the significant potential side effects of pemoline is hepatotoxicity, which can manifest as elevated liver function test results. Therefore, the nurse must monitor the patient's liver function regularly while they are taking pemoline to monitor for any signs of liver damage or dysfunction. It is essential to educate the patient about the signs and symptoms of liver problems, such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, or dark urine, and to report any such symptoms immediately to their healthcare provider. Regular monitoring and early detection of liver function abnormalities can help prevent severe liver damage in patients taking pemoline.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation of well-demarcated, hypopigmented macules with fine scaling on the trunk and proximal extremities is classic for tinea versicolor. Tinea versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia spp., which leads to hypo- or hyperpigmented patches on the skin. The condition often occurs in individuals with increased sebum production due to factors such as hot and humid climates, sweating, and oily skin. History of sun exposure and outdoor activities is also commonly reported by patients with tinea versicolor. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications applied topically or taken orally to eliminate the fungus. Differentiating tinea versicolor from other skin conditions, such as vitiligo, pityriasis rosea, or seborrheic keratosis, is important for appropriate management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pressure injuries on the heels are a concern as they can develop quickly and lead to serious complications, especially in surgical patients who are immobile for extended periods. Applying pressure-relieving devices, such as heel protectors or foam dressings, can help alleviate the pressure on the affected areas and prevent further damage. These devices are designed to distribute pressure evenly and reduce the risk of pressure injuries. It is important for the nurse to address the issue promptly to prevent additional harm to the patient's skin integrity.