Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse's priority when a patient appears confused and disoriented during a consultation is to provide clear and simple explanations and assess for any underlying causes of confusion. It is essential to ensure that the patient understands the information being provided and to address any potential reasons for the confusion, such as medication side effects, medical conditions, or cognitive impairment. Ignoring the patient's confusion or assuming they cannot understand can lead to misunderstandings, errors in care, and ultimately jeopardize the patient's well-being. It is crucial to approach the situation with empathy, patience, and a focus on ensuring effective communication and understanding between the nurse and the patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Humoral immunity is primarily responsible for protecting against infections by pathogens like viruses. In the case of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the individual is exposed to the virus and develops immunity, which is typically mediated by antibodies produced by B cells. These antibodies circulate in the blood and can neutralize the virus, preventing future infections. This type of immunity is known as humoral immunity, as it involves the production of antibodies that target specific antigens, such as those present on the surface of the hepatitis B virus. In contrast, passive immunity is when antibodies are transferred from an external source, innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defenses against pathogens, and cell-mediated immunity involves the activation of T cells to combat intracellular pathogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Calcium channel blockers are often prescribed for the management of hypertension because they can help relax blood vessels and slow the heart rate, thus reducing blood pressure. One of the major adverse effects associated with calcium channel blockers is bradycardia (slow heart rate) or even more rarely, tachycardia (fast heart rate). Therefore, in a patient prescribed a calcium channel blocker for hypertension, the nurse should closely monitor for any signs and symptoms of tachycardia as it can be a serious adverse effect that needs prompt evaluation and intervention to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this situation, the most appropriate response for the palliative nurse is to validate the patient's feelings of guilt and offer support to address their concerns. It is important to acknowledge the patient's emotions and help them navigate through their guilt in a compassionate and understanding manner. By validating their feelings, the nurse can create a safe space for the patient to express their concerns and work towards finding solutions to alleviate their guilt. This approach fosters trust and a therapeutic relationship between the patient and the nurse, ultimately promoting emotional well-being and facilitating open communication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS), previously known as Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), can occur when a newborn is exposed to opioids in utero. Opioid exposure in utero can lead to physical dependence in the fetus, and when the drug is no longer available after birth, withdrawal symptoms can occur.