A parent of a toddler with congenital heart disease is being taught by a nurse. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, educating parents of children with congenital heart disease is crucial for managing the child's health effectively. The correct answer, "A) Offer small, frequent meals," is important because children with congenital heart disease may have difficulty eating large meals due to their condition. Small, frequent meals can help prevent overeating, reduce the workload on the heart, and maintain stable energy levels throughout the day. Option B, "Limit the toddler's physical activity," is incorrect because while some restrictions may be necessary depending on the severity of the condition, complete restriction can lead to deconditioning and may not be appropriate for all children with congenital heart disease. Option C, "Provide a low-sodium diet," is not the most relevant instruction for a toddler with congenital heart disease. While sodium intake may need to be monitored, other dietary considerations, such as calorie and nutrient density, are often more critical in this population. Option D, "Monitor the toddler's intake and output," is important in general pediatric nursing care but is not as specific or directly related to managing congenital heart disease in a toddler as the recommendation for small, frequent meals. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of tailoring dietary recommendations to the specific needs of children with congenital heart disease and the significance of providing parents with practical guidance to support their child's health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B, "I will give my child the prescribed antiretroviral medication at regular intervals," is the correct statement indicating the parent understands the teaching. This is crucial in managing HIV in children as antiretroviral medications help suppress the virus, improve the child's immune system, and overall health. Option A is incorrect because disclosing a child's HIV status to the school may violate privacy laws and could lead to stigma and discrimination. Option C is incorrect because children with HIV may have specific immunization guidelines due to their condition. Option D is incorrect as skin testing is not a routine procedure for children with HIV. Educationally, understanding the importance of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in managing HIV in children is essential for parents to ensure the best possible outcomes for their child's health. Teaching parents about the specific care needs for children with HIV empowers them to provide optimal care and support for their child's well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the assessment findings associated with conditions like acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is crucial for providing effective care. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Hypertension. APSGN is characterized by hypertension due to fluid retention and decreased urine output. This is a key indicator of renal involvement in APSGN. Option A) Hematuria is a common finding in APSGN, but it is not the most specific or defining characteristic. Option B) Polyuria is unlikely in APSGN due to decreased renal function. Option D) Diarrhea is not typically associated with APSGN. Educationally, understanding the hallmark signs and symptoms of APSGN helps nurses differentiate it from other conditions with similar presentations. This knowledge enables timely identification and intervention, leading to improved outcomes for pediatric patients. Nurses must be adept at recognizing subtle changes in pediatric patients to provide prompt and effective care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The signs and symptoms of dysuria and urgency in a child with daytime enuresis are indicative of a urinary tract infection. These symptoms, including urinary frequency and pain during urination, commonly point towards a UTI. Nephrotic syndrome typically presents with edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and oliguria. Vesicoureteral reflux may lead to recurrent UTIs but does not directly present with dysuria and urgency.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The nurse should encourage the child to express his thoughts and feelings about the upcoming surgery. This approach helps the child feel heard and understood while providing an opportunity to address any misconceptions or fears. By asking the child what he thinks the doctor will do, the nurse engages the child in a conversation that can help alleviate anxiety and build trust. School-age children often have fears related to bodily harm, and open communication can help alleviate such concerns.