A parent brings their 4-year-old child for a check-up. Which finding would concern the nurse?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A resting pulse rate of 120 is elevated for a 4-year-old and may indicate an underlying issue that needs further investigation. An ectomorphic body type is a body shape and not typically a cause for concern. Weight gain within normal limits and no significant change in appetite are generally positive findings in a growing child.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decentering. Decentering is the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation, which the child's question demonstrates. In this scenario, the child's question shows that she is thinking beyond her own experience and considering the difficulty or complexity of giving an injection from the nurse's perspective. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Conservation refers to understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in its appearance. Accommodation is the process of adjusting existing knowledge or creating new mental categories to incorporate new information. Class inclusion involves understanding the relationship between a whole set and its subsets, which is not demonstrated in the child's question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) The United States is ranked last among 27 countries. This is indicative of the high infant mortality rate in the United States compared to other developed countries with a similar population size. The U.S. ranks poorly in terms of infant health outcomes, which is a critical indicator of the overall health of a population. Option B) stating that the United States is ranked similar to 20 other developed countries is incorrect because it does not accurately reflect the poor ranking of the U.S. in comparison to its counterparts. Option C) claiming that the United States is ranked in the middle of 20 other developed countries is also incorrect as it downplays the severity of the issue of high infant mortality rates in the U.S. Option D) suggesting that the United States is ranked highest among 27 other industrialized countries is incorrect as it contradicts the statistical data on infant mortality rates. From an educational perspective, understanding comparative health statistics such as infant mortality rates is crucial for nurses to advocate for evidence-based practices and policies that promote better health outcomes for children and families. By being aware of such data, nurses can contribute to improving healthcare delivery and promoting health equity within their communities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The leading cause of death in infants younger than 1 year in the United States is congenital anomalies. This is the correct answer because congenital anomalies are abnormalities present at birth, which can impact the infant's health and survival. These anomalies can affect various organ systems and can lead to serious health complications or even death in some cases. Option B, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), is a sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, usually during sleep. While SIDS is a significant concern for infant health, it is not the leading cause of death in this age group. Option C, disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, are risk factors for various health issues in infants, but they are not the primary cause of death among infants younger than 1 year. Option D, maternal complications specific to the perinatal period, can have implications for the health of both the mother and the infant, but they are not the leading cause of death in infants. Understanding the leading causes of infant mortality is crucial for healthcare providers working with children and their families. By recognizing and addressing these risk factors, healthcare professionals can implement preventive measures and interventions to improve infant outcomes and reduce mortality rates.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of nursing care for children, understanding the major causes of death is crucial for providing effective care and education to prevent potential risks. In this case, the correct answer is C) Unintentional injuries. This is the leading cause of death for children older than 1 year in the United States. Unintentional injuries encompass a wide range of incidents such as motor vehicle accidents, drowning, burns, falls, and poisoning. Children are particularly vulnerable to these types of injuries due to their developmental stage and natural curiosity, which can lead to accidents if proper safety measures are not in place. Heart disease (option A) is more common in adults and less prevalent in children. Childhood cancer (option B) is a serious health issue but is not as common as unintentional injuries in causing death in children. Congenital anomalies (option D) refer to birth defects and are typically identified and managed early in life, often before they become life-threatening. Educationally, nurses must emphasize injury prevention strategies such as childproofing homes, using car seats and seat belts correctly, supervising children around water, and educating families on poison control measures. By understanding the primary cause of death in children older than 1 year, nurses can tailor their education and interventions to promote a safer environment for children.