A nursing instructor is preparing for a class discussion on polypharmacy and older adults. Which of the following would the instructor expect to include?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because older adults are more likely to experience adverse reactions due to physiological changes that affect drug metabolism and elimination. Aging can lead to decreased organ function, altered drug distribution, and increased sensitivity to medications. This increased risk for adverse reactions is a key consideration when discussing polypharmacy in older adults. Choice A is incorrect because the focus is on drug abuse, which is not the main concern when discussing polypharmacy in older adults. Choice C is incorrect because medications are typically started at lower doses and adjusted as needed to minimize adverse effects. Choice D is incorrect because age-related pharmacokinetic changes can actually reduce drug effectiveness or increase the risk of toxicity, rather than enhance therapeutic effectiveness.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, social needs, such as belongingness and love, come after physiological and safety needs. Randi's feeling of exclusion in group activities and social events indicates a lack of fulfilling these social needs. Self-actualization needs relate to personal growth and achieving one's full potential, not the issue at hand. Safety needs focus on physical security, which is not the primary concern in this scenario. Esteem needs involve feeling respected and valued, but in Randi's case, the immediate issue is the lack of inclusion and connection in social settings, pointing to unmet social needs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Superego. The superego is the part of the personality that represents internalized societal and parental standards, values, and morals. When a child is rewarded and praised for positive behaviors such as helping others and being polite, these qualities are likely to be internalized and become part of the child's superego. The superego guides the individual towards moral and ethical behavior. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The id is the instinctual and impulsive part of the personality, the ego is the rational and reality-oriented part, and the preconscious contains thoughts and memories that are not currently in awareness.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because Maslow's hierarchy of needs prioritizes safety and security needs. Hostile and angry behaviors threaten the safety of other clients and staff, requiring immediate intervention. Choice A relates to social needs, Choice C relates to belongingness needs, and Choice D relates to self-esteem needs, which are lower in the hierarchy compared to safety needs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because caregivers who were neglected as children may have unresolved trauma, leading to higher likelihood of abusing older adults. Neglect in childhood can result in emotional issues, lack of empathy, and unhealthy coping mechanisms, increasing the risk of abusive behavior towards vulnerable individuals. Choice A (single male relative) does not have a direct correlation with increased risk of abuse. Choice C (caregiver under 30) is not necessarily indicative of abusive behavior. Choice D (little experience with the elderly) may lead to challenges in caregiving but does not inherently indicate a greater risk of abuse compared to a history of childhood neglect.