A nurse who is providing diabetes screening at a community clinic discovers that a new client has type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse provides counseling, refers the client to an endocrinologist for initial assessment and treatment, arranges for the client to see someone regarding financial assistance, contacts the mobile van to arrange transportation, and sets up a follow-up appointment. Which type of service do these actions represent?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Case management. Case management involves coordinating and organizing services for a client to ensure they receive comprehensive care. In this scenario, the nurse is facilitating various aspects of care for the client with type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as referral to an endocrinologist, financial assistance, transportation, and follow-up appointments. This demonstrates the systematic approach of case management to address the client's needs. Summary: B: Client advocacy focuses on representing the client's interests and ensuring they receive appropriate care, but it does not involve the level of coordination seen in case management. C: Holistic care encompasses addressing the client's physical, mental, and social needs, but it does not specifically involve the coordination of services as in case management. D: Wrap-around services involve providing a range of supportive services to address various needs, but it does not capture the structured approach of case management in coordinating care for the client.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because health professional shortage areas (HPSAs) are regions with insufficient numbers of health care providers. This designation is based on factors like population-to-provider ratio and the availability of primary care services. Choice A is incorrect because HPSAs are not solely defined by the presence of health care facilities but rather the shortage of providers. Choice B is incorrect because HPSAs can exist in both rural and urban areas, not just isolated areas within urban regions. Choice D is incorrect because HPSAs can have varying population densities, not just limited to regions with densities below 10,000.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Advanced nurse practitioner. Rural residents with asthma are more likely to receive health care services from advanced nurse practitioners due to their accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide comprehensive care including diagnosis, treatment, and education. Nurse practitioners often work in primary care settings in rural areas where specialist services may be limited. Allergists (B) and Pulmonologists (D) are specialists who may not be readily available in rural areas. Pediatricians (C) primarily focus on children's health and may not provide specialized care for adult asthma patients in rural settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Evil eye. The term "mal de ojo" refers to the belief in many cultures, including Mexican, that a person can cause harm to someone else by looking at them with envy or malice, known as giving the evil eye. This belief is deeply rooted in folk traditions and is often associated with feelings of jealousy or ill will towards others. In this scenario, the mother's concern about her daughter being given mal de ojo reflects her fear of someone casting this harmful gaze upon her child. Summary: - B: Fallen fontanel is not related to the belief in the evil eye. It is a medical condition in which an infant's soft spot on the skull closes prematurely. - C: Soul loss is a different cultural belief, often associated with spiritual or emotional distress, but not specifically related to the evil eye. - D: Indigestion is a physical health issue and not relevant to the context of the mother's concern about mal de ojo.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because involvement in rural community activities provides more contact with community residents than in urban areas. This is true because rural communities tend to be smaller and more tightly knit, leading to increased opportunities for teaching through interactions with a diverse range of community members. A is incorrect because the frequency of visiting neighbors is not necessarily linked to increased opportunities for teaching. C is incorrect as it refers to nursing responsibilities rather than the condition of the rural environment. D is incorrect as increased illnesses and injuries do not necessarily translate to increased opportunities for teaching, as teaching opportunities are more related to community involvement and interactions.