A nurse who is monitoring a newborn 3 minutes after birth remembers that the heart rate of a healthy, alert neonate may range between:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 110 and 160 beats/min. In the immediate post-birth period, it is crucial for the nurse to assess the newborn's vital signs, including heart rate, to ensure the baby is transitioning well to extrauterine life. A healthy, alert neonate typically has a heart rate within the range of 110-160 beats/min. This range is considered normal for a newborn and indicates good cardiovascular function. Option A) 120 and 180 beats/min is too high for a healthy newborn immediately after birth. Such a high heart rate would be concerning and could indicate distress or other underlying issues. Option B) 130 and 170 beats/min is also too high for a newborn's heart rate in the immediate post-birth period. This range is outside the typical normal range for a healthy neonate. Option D) 100 and 130 beats/min is too low for a healthy newborn immediately after birth. A heart rate below 110 beats/min would be considered bradycardia in a neonate and would require immediate attention and intervention. Educationally, understanding the normal vital sign ranges for newborns is essential for nurses working in the neonatal setting. Monitoring and interpreting vital signs accurately can help identify early signs of distress or complications in newborns, allowing for prompt intervention and appropriate care delivery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B) Providing a low-fat, low carbohydrate diet. In the case of cystic fibrosis (CF), the body has difficulty digesting and absorbing fats. Therefore, a high-fat diet is recommended to help with better absorption of nutrients. A high-protein, high-fat, high-calorie diet (option A) is beneficial for individuals with CF as it helps in meeting their increased energy needs and maintaining a healthy body weight. Option C, providing additional calcium, salt, iron, and zinc in the diet, is also important in managing CF as individuals with this condition may have difficulties absorbing these nutrients due to pancreatic insufficiency. Ensuring adequate intake can help prevent deficiencies. Encouraging exercise (option D) is crucial for individuals with CF as it helps improve lung function, overall physical health, and quality of life. Regular physical activity can help in clearing mucus from the lungs and maintaining cardiovascular health. Option B, providing a low-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, is not appropriate for individuals with CF as they need higher amounts of fat and calories to support their nutritional needs. Restricting fats and carbohydrates can lead to inadequate calorie intake, which is detrimental for individuals with CF who require extra energy to manage their condition. In an educational context, understanding the specific nutritional needs of individuals with CF is crucial for healthcare professionals and caregivers to provide optimal care and support. By ensuring a well-balanced diet tailored to the individual's needs, along with appropriate exercise and nutrient supplementation, the overall health and well-being of individuals with CF can be better managed.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric patients with congestive heart failure, the first-line treatment is typically diuretics (Option B). The rationale behind this is that diuretics help reduce fluid overload and relieve symptoms of congestion by increasing urine output. This helps decrease the workload on the heart and improve overall cardiac function. Antibiotics (Option A) are not the first-line treatment for congestive heart failure unless there is an underlying bacterial infection. Antivirals (Option C) are used to treat viral infections and are not indicated for heart failure. Steroids (Option D) may be used in certain cases of heart failure with inflammation, but they are not the primary treatment for relieving congestion and improving cardiac function. In an educational context, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the appropriate pharmacological interventions for pediatric patients with congestive heart failure. By learning the rationale behind using diuretics as the first-line treatment, students can provide safe and effective care to children with heart failure, optimize patient outcomes, and prevent complications associated with untreated congestion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Haemophilia B, there is a deficiency of clotting factor IX. The correct answer is option D. Clotting factor IX is also known as Christmas factor and is essential for the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Option A, IV, is not the correct answer because factor IV is not typically associated with clotting factors related to hemophilia. Option B, VII, is incorrect because factor VII is not deficient in Haemophilia B but rather in another type of hemophilia known as Hemophilia A. Option C, VIII, is also incorrect because factor VIII deficiency is associated with Hemophilia A, not Haemophilia B. Educationally, understanding the specific clotting factor deficiencies in different types of hemophilia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with these conditions. Recognizing the correct clotting factor deficiency helps in appropriate treatment, monitoring for complications, and providing effective patient education regarding clotting factor replacement therapy and bleeding precautions. This knowledge is essential for delivering safe and effective care to pediatric patients with hemophilia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a viral respiratory infection that affects the larynx, trachea, and bronchi in children. The appropriate treatments for croup focus on managing airway inflammation and symptoms. In this context, the correct answer, option A, broad-spectrum antibiotics, is not typically indicated for croup because it is primarily caused by viruses, not bacteria. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections like croup. Option B, corticosteroids, are appropriate in the treatment of croup as they help reduce airway inflammation, swelling, and improve breathing. Corticosteroids are considered a mainstay in managing moderate to severe croup cases. Option C, inhaled racemic epinephrine, is used in severe croup cases to reduce airway swelling and can provide rapid relief of symptoms. It is indicated for cases where there is significant respiratory distress. Option D, humidified oxygen, is also an appropriate treatment for croup to ensure adequate oxygenation. Humidified oxygen can help soothe the airway and improve breathing in children with croup. Educational Context: Understanding the appropriate treatments for pediatric respiratory conditions like croup is crucial for nurses caring for children with these conditions. It is important to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections to provide targeted and effective treatment. By knowing the right interventions, nurses can help manage symptoms, improve outcomes, and provide safe and evidence-based care to pediatric patients with respiratory illnesses.