A nurse who is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while working in the operating room seeks revenge by deliberately placing clients at risk by not adhering to universal precautions. This nurse is violating the ethical principle of:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: nonmaleficence. Nonmaleficence is the ethical principle of doing no harm to others. In this scenario, the nurse is deliberately putting clients at risk by not adhering to universal precautions, which violates the principle of nonmaleficence. By intentionally endangering others, the nurse is directly going against the ethical duty to prevent harm. A: Veracity refers to truthfulness, not relevant in this scenario. B: Beneficence is the ethical principle of doing good for others, not applicable as the nurse's actions are harmful. D: Autonomy is the principle of respecting an individual's right to make their own decisions, not relevant as the nurse is not respecting the clients' autonomy by putting them at risk without their consent.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: ethnocentrism. This is because the nurse is judging the client's cultural beliefs as inferior to American practices, implying that American ways are the only correct ones. Ethnocentrism involves viewing one's own culture as superior to others. A: Stereotyping is not the correct answer because the nurse is not making a generalization about a group based on limited information. C: Cultural accommodation is not the correct answer because the nurse is not demonstrating an understanding or acceptance of the client's cultural practices. D: Empathy is not the correct answer because the nurse is not showing understanding or compassion towards the client's cultural beliefs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: cultural competence. By enrolling in Spanish classes to better communicate with Mexican-Americans in Laredo, the nursing student is demonstrating an understanding and appreciation of different cultures. Cultural competence involves having the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to effectively interact with individuals from diverse backgrounds. This student's actions show a commitment to providing culturally sensitive care in a multicultural setting. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect: B: Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others. The student's actions of learning Spanish do not align with this mindset. C: Prejudice involves preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a group. The student's actions are aimed at improving cross-cultural understanding, not perpetuating negative stereotypes. D: Stereotyping involves making assumptions about individuals based on their group membership. The student's choice to learn Spanish is about building connections and understanding, not generalizing about an entire group.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a "salvador" is typically a spiritual healer or medium in Hispanic culture who helps communicate with deceased family members. This aligns with the scenario of the patient seeking the services of a salvador to communicate with a family member who recently died. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Determining herbs for hot flashes is typically done by an herbalist or healthcare provider. C: Treating lower back pain usually involves medical professionals like doctors or physical therapists. D: Acupuncture for smoking cessation is typically provided by licensed acupuncturists or healthcare professionals, not a salvador.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Some cancers such as stomach cancer occur less frequently among blacks due to genetic factors. Stomach cancer is more common in Asian populations due to dietary and lifestyle factors. This variation in cancer incidence among different racial groups is influenced by genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Therefore, the influence of cultural phenomena on health care can be observed in the differing rates of specific diseases among various cultural groups. Other choices are incorrect: A: This choice does not directly relate to the influence of cultural phenomena on health care, but rather discusses medication adherence based on beliefs about fate and the environment. C: Direct eye contact is a cultural behavior that may vary among different cultural groups, but it does not directly relate to the influence of cultural phenomena on health care. D: Standing close and touching health care providers is a cultural behavior that may be more common among certain cultural groups like Mexican Americans, but it does not directly demonstrate the influence of cultural phenomena on health care in the context of disease incidence