A nurse treating chronic asthmatic patients with methylxanthines must remember to increase the dosage when prescribing this medication simultaneously with

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of hematology and pharmacology, understanding drug interactions is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In this scenario, the correct answer is option B) Phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin. Methylxanthines, like theophylline, are metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. Phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin are known to induce cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to increased metabolism of methylxanthines. This accelerated metabolism can result in subtherapeutic levels of methylxanthines, reducing their effectiveness in treating chronic asthma. Option A) Cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and other fluoroquinolone antibiotics are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which would lead to increased levels of methylxanthines, potentially causing toxicity rather than the desired therapeutic effect. Option C) Albuterol and TCAs do not significantly impact the metabolism of methylxanthines and do not require a dosage adjustment when used concurrently. Option D) None of the listed drugs pose a risk when taken with methylxanthines is incorrect because, as explained above, certain drugs can interact with methylxanthines, affecting their metabolism and efficacy. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding drug interactions, especially in patients with chronic conditions like asthma who may be on multiple medications. Nurses need to be aware of potential interactions to ensure safe and effective pharmacological management for their patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) bronchospasm is relieved. Beta 2 adrenergic agonists, like albuterol and salbutamol, selectively target and activate beta 2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle. This activation leads to the relaxation of the smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation. By dilating the bronchial passages, these medications help to relieve bronchospasms and improve airflow in conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Option B) histamine release is potentiated is incorrect because beta 2 adrenergic agonists do not affect histamine release. Histamine release is more commonly associated with allergic reactions and inflammatory responses, and beta 2 agonists do not have a direct impact on this process. Option C) ciliary motility is decreased is also incorrect. Beta 2 adrenergic agonists primarily target bronchial smooth muscle and do not have a significant effect on ciliary motility. In fact, these medications are used to treat conditions where increased ciliary motility, such as in conditions like bronchitis, is beneficial for clearing mucus and improving airway function. In an educational context, understanding how beta 2 adrenergic agonists work is crucial for healthcare professionals, particularly those involved in managing patients with respiratory conditions. Knowing the mechanism of action helps in selecting the appropriate medications, understanding their therapeutic effects, and anticipating potential side effects. This knowledge also aids in patient education, as individuals with respiratory conditions can better comprehend how their medications work and why they are beneficial for their condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) use the lowest dose possible to control manifestations. Glucocorticoids like Prednisone can lead to bone loss due to their negative effects on calcium absorption and bone formation. By using the lowest effective dose, the nurse can minimize this side effect while still managing the patient's symptoms effectively. Option B) giving PO Prednisone on a consistent daily dosing schedule is not directly related to preventing bone loss. Consistency in dosing is important for maintaining therapeutic levels but does not address the bone loss concern. Option C) counseling the patient to consume a diet with less calcium is incorrect as reducing calcium intake would further exacerbate the risk of bone loss. Adequate calcium intake is crucial for maintaining bone health, especially when taking medications that can affect bone density. Option D) refraining from weight-bearing exercises is also incorrect. Weight-bearing exercises are actually beneficial for improving bone density and strength, which can counteract the bone loss effects of glucocorticoids. Educationally, it is important for nurses to understand the side effects of medications like glucocorticoids and how to mitigate them. By optimizing dosing strategies and providing appropriate patient education on nutrition and exercise, nurses can help minimize the negative impacts of these drugs on bone health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) respiratory depression (respirations less than 12/min). Hydrocodone is an opioid analgesic that can cause respiratory depression as a side effect, especially in higher doses or when used in combination with other central nervous system depressants. Monitoring the patient's respiratory rate is crucial to detect this potentially life-threatening complication early. Option B) tachyarrhythmia is not typically associated with hydrocodone use. Tachycardia can occur as a response to pain or stress but is not a common side effect of this medication. Option C) polyuria and Option D) polydipsia are not common side effects of hydrocodone. These symptoms are more commonly associated with conditions like diabetes or certain endocrine disorders. In an educational context, it is important for nurses to understand the side effects and potential complications of medications they administer to ensure patient safety. Monitoring for specific adverse effects of drugs is a fundamental aspect of nursing practice, emphasizing the importance of thorough assessment skills and knowledge of pharmacology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts as a selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist. The correct answer is A) Phenylephrine agonizes alpha1-adrenergic receptors, causing a reduction in the inflammation of the nasal membranes. When Phenylephrine binds to alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucosa, it causes vasoconstriction, leading to a decrease in nasal congestion by reducing blood flow to the nasal passages. Option B is incorrect because Phenylephrine does not antagonize beta2 adrenergic receptors, nor does it cause bronchodilation. Option C is incorrect as there are no known gamma2-cholinergic receptors. Option D is incorrect because Phenylephrine does not antagonize muscarinic receptors, nor does it primarily act on the lower respiratory passageways. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of medications is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care to their patients. Knowing how Phenylephrine works helps nurses anticipate its effects, side effects, and potential interactions with other medications, ultimately improving patient outcomes.