A nurse teaches the parents of a toddler about normal sleep patterns for this age group. How many hours of sleep per night is normal near the end of this stage?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Toddlers (1-3 years) have evolving sleep needs, decreasing from infancy's 14-17 hours. Near the end (around 3 years), '10-12 hours' is normal, per pediatric sleep norms (e.g., National Sleep Foundation), totaling 11-14 hours daily with naps. '7-8 hours' is too low, typical for older children or adults, risking fatigue or developmental delaye.g., a 3-year-old sleeping only 8 hours might be irritable. '8-10 hours' underestimates; while some toddlers manage, most need more for growth (e.g., brain development via REM). '12-15 hours' fits younger toddlers or infants, not the stage's end, where naps shorten. For instance, a 3-year-old might sleep 11 hours nightly plus a 1-hour nap, aligning with Choice C. Nursing education, per Taylor, stresses age-specific norms to guide parents, making 10-12 hours the correct, evidence-based answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sedative-hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem) aid sleep but have limits. 'It loses its effectiveness after 1 or 2 weeks' is correct; tolerance developse.g., 10 mg works initially but wanes by 14 daysper pharmacology texts like Taylor, advising short-term use (e.g., 7-10 nights). Choice A, 'every night for several months,' risks dependencee.g., 3 months doubles withdrawal insomnia. Choice B, 'better taken with alcohol,' is dangerous; alcohol amplifies CNS depressione.g., risking apnea. Choice D, 'in the morning for long-term effects,' is absurd; morning dosing causes daytime sedation, not night sleep. Nurses teach time-limited use to avoid tolerance, per safety protocols, making Choice C the correct education.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pain type reflects its source. 'Visceral pain' predominates in a liver and colon injurye.g., dull, diffuse abdominal ache from organ stretch or inflammation, per Taylor's classification, post-crash. 'Psychogenic pain' is psychologicale.g., no physical basis, unlike this trauma. 'Neuropathic pain' involves nervese.g., burning from neuropathy, not visceral damage. 'Cutaneous pain' is skin-basede.g., sharp from a laceration, not deep organs. A ruptured liver bleeds internallye.g., referred shoulder painfitting visceral's vague, deep profile, making Choice D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Relaxation mitigates pain via natural chemistry. 'Endorphins' are releasede.g., deep breathing boosts these opioids, binding mu-receptors to dull pain, per Taylor's physiology. 'Narcotics' are external drugse.g., morphine, not body-made. 'Sedatives' calm but aren't pain-specifice.g., no endogenous equivalent. 'A-delta fibers' are nerves, not chemicalse.g., they transmit pain, not relieve it. Relaxatione.g., 15 minutes of progressive muscle relaxationelevates endorphins (e.g., 20% rise in plasma), mimicking analgesia, as in labor or post-op care. Nurses teach this to harness the body's pain gate closure, per gate control theory. Choice D is the correct, endogenous answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nonpharmacologic relief suits non-communicative patients. 'Music' is effectivee.g., lullabies calm newborns (heart rate drops 10 bpm) and reduce agitation in comatose via auditory stimulation, per Taylor's evidence. 'Distraction' needs cognitione.g., games, unfit for newborns/comatose. 'Humor' requires understandinge.g., jokes, irrelevant here. 'Imagery' needs visualizatione.g., 'beach scene,' impossible for these groups. Studies show musice.g., 60 bpm tuneslowers stress hormones (cortisol) in NICUs or ICUs, soothing universally. Nurses use it bedsidee.g., soft Mozartmaking Choice B the correct, proven measure.