A nurse should recognize that this child is in the process of successfully accomplishing which stage of Eriksons developmental theory?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Initiative vs. Guilt: This stage occurs in early childhood (ages 3–6). Children begin to assert control and power over their environment through play and social interactions. Successfully resolving this stage leads to a sense of initiative and confidence in their abilities. The child’s desire to do tasks independently reflects this stage.Trust vs. Mistrust: This stage occurs during infancy (birth to 1 year). The focus is on developing trust when caregivers provide reliability and care.Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: This stage occurs during toddlerhood (ages 1–3). It involves developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence. Industry vs. Inferiority: This stage occurs in school-age children (ages 6–12). The focus is on developing a sense of competence through school and social activities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: According to Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations, the foundation of effective nursing care is the establishment of a therapeutic nurse-client relationship. This relationship is essential for addressing client symptoms because it provides a supportive and trusting environment for the client to open up, express their feelings, and work collaboratively with the nurse towards healing and resolution. By establishing a therapeutic relationship based on empathy, trust, and understanding, the nurse can better assess the client's needs, provide appropriate care, and assist the client in managing their symptoms effectively. This approach also enhances communication, promotes client engagement in their own care, and fosters a sense of empowerment and well-being.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Personality encompasses a broad and complex combination of individual characteristics, behaviors, and emotional patterns that shape how individuals interact with and adapt to their environment. It is influenced by genetic, environmental, cultural, and situational factors. Various theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Carl Jung, have proposed different theories on the stages of personality development, highlighting the structured and progressive nature of personality formation. While personality traits may exhibit variability and flexibility, the overall development of personality is seen as a cohesive and continuous process rather than sporadic or erratic. By incorporating the aspects mentioned in choices A, B, and D, a comprehensive definition of personality is provided that accounts for its multidimensional nature and the dynamics involved in its formation and expression.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Psychoimmunology is the study of the interactions between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems. In this case, the client's diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, which is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, following the traumatic loss of her husband and children suggests a potential connection between her emotional state and physical health. Research in psychoimmunology has shown that prolonged stress or traumatic events can have a negative impact on the immune system, leading to an increased susceptibility to various health issues, such as autoimmune diseases like ulcerative colitis. Thus, the situation described aligns with the principles and findings of psychoimmunology.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The best rationale for the therapist's advice is that the client is susceptible to illness due to the effects of stress on the immune system. Grief and emotional pain can have a significant impact on physical health by weakening the immune system, making the individual more vulnerable to illnesses. By emphasizing the importance of proper sleep, nutrition, and exercise, the therapist is aiming to support the client's physical well-being during a challenging period. This holistic approach addresses the interconnectedness of mental and physical health, promoting resilience and coping mechanisms amidst the stress of loss. It also helps the client to manage their emotions and cope with grief more effectively.