A nurse plans health education for a patient who will be receiving warfarin for several weeks after knee-replacement surgery. Which substance should the nurse caution the patient to avoid?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fish oil. Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids that can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin, an anticoagulant. This combination can lead to excessive bleeding. Black cohosh, lavender, and mandarin do not have known interactions with warfarin. It is essential for the nurse to caution the patient to avoid fish oil to prevent potential complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Grey matter. Grey matter contains neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites, and all nerve synapses. The cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem, and butterfly-shaped portion of the central spinal cord are regions of the brain and spinal cord rich in grey matter. White matter (choice B) contains mostly axons and serves to connect different parts of the nervous system. The frontal lobe (choice A) is a specific region of the cerebrum responsible for higher cognitive functions. The corpus callosum (choice D) is a structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, composed of white matter. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it accurately describes the composition of the mentioned brain regions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation and consolidation of long-term memories. It plays a crucial role in memory encoding and retrieval processes. Damage to the hippocampus can lead to difficulties in forming new memories. B: Parietal lobe is involved in sensory processing and spatial orientation. C: Temporal lobe is important for memory and auditory processing, but the hippocampus within the temporal lobe is specifically responsible for long-term memory. D: Occipital lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing. In summary, the hippocampus is the correct answer as it is specifically associated with regulating long-term memory, while the other brain areas have different functions unrelated to long-term memory regulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for correct answer A: Epigenetic changes are reversible because they involve modifications to gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle choices, making them reversible through interventions like diet, exercise, and medication. This reversibility allows for the potential to modify gene expression and potentially reverse negative health outcomes. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence itself but regulate gene expression. They do not change how the body reacts to the DNA sequence but rather how genes are turned on or off. C: Epigenetic changes have been linked to various mental health conditions, such as depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD, among others. Therefore, this statement is incorrect. D: Epigenetic changes can increase the risk for psychiatric diseases when combined with genetic predispositions, rather than decreasing the risk. Thus, this statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Norepinephrine. Symptoms described by the patient, such as feeling frozen, heart pounding, and difficulty sleeping, are consistent with increased arousal and anxiety, which are associated with elevated levels of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter involved in the body's stress response, triggering the "fight or flight" reaction. Serotonin (Choice A) is more related to mood regulation and emotions, while GABA (Choice B) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety. Dopamine (Choice D) is involved in reward and pleasure pathways, not directly associated with the symptoms described. Thus, the correct choice is C, norepinephrine, due to its role in stress response and arousal.