A nurse plans care for a client who is experiencing dyspnea and must stop multiple times when climbing a flight of stairs. Which intervention should the nurse include in this client's plan of care?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assistance with activities of daily living. This intervention is appropriate because the client is experiencing dyspnea and reduced stamina, indicating potential limitations in performing daily activities independently. By providing assistance, the nurse can help conserve the client's energy and reduce the risk of exacerbating dyspnea. Physical therapy activities every day (B) may be too strenuous for a client experiencing dyspnea. Oxygen therapy at 2 liters per nasal cannula (C) is not the priority intervention without assessing the client's oxygen saturation levels. Complete bedrest with frequent repositioning (D) may lead to deconditioning and worsen dyspnea in the long term.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale for choice B (Hyperventilation): Hyperventilation leads to excessive elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) through the lungs, causing a decrease in blood CO2 levels. This results in a shift towards alkalosis in the blood pH as CO2 is an acid. Acetazolamide, by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, slows down the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate, helping to counteract the alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Summary of other choices: A (Hypoventilation): Hypoventilation would lead to the retention of CO2, causing respiratory acidosis, not alkalosis. C (Low Carbon dioxide level): Low CO2 levels contribute to respiratory alkalosis, so this choice is incorrect. D (High HB content): High hemoglobin content does not directly cause respiratory alkalosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tidal volume. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired and expired with a normal breath. It represents the normal breathing pattern without any additional effort. Total lung capacity (A) is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold, Forced vital capacity (B) is the maximum amount of air exhaled forcefully after a maximal inspiration, and Residual volume (D) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation. Therefore, Tidal volume is the only choice that represents the volume of air inspired and expired during a normal breath.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Faint breath sounds with prolonged expiration. In emphysema, the alveoli lose elasticity, leading to air trapping and difficulty in expiration. This results in faint breath sounds with prolonged expiration due to the decreased airflow. Absence of breath sounds (A) would indicate a serious issue like pneumothorax. Wheezing with discontinuous breath sounds (B) is more characteristic of asthma. Faint breath sounds with fine crackles (D) are typically heard in conditions like pneumonia or pulmonary fibrosis, not in emphysema.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During external respiration, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs. This is because the blood carries carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be eliminated during exhalation. Choice A is incorrect because carbon dioxide does not move from the blood into the tissue cells during external respiration. Choice C is incorrect as carbon dioxide is exhaled into the atmosphere, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as carbon dioxide is produced in the tissue cells and needs to be transported back into the blood for removal in the lungs.