A nurse obtains the health history of a client who is recently diagnosed with lung cancer and identifies that the client has a 60 pack-year smoking history. Which action is most important for the nurse to take when interviewing this client?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: C is correct as maintaining a nonjudgmental attitude is crucial to establish trust and rapport with the client. It helps the client feel comfortable sharing information, leading to better assessment and care. A is incorrect as quitting smoking may not be the immediate priority. B is incorrect as honesty about marijuana use is not the primary concern. D is incorrect as it does not address the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Embden Meyerhof pathway. In this pathway, 2,3 DPG is synthesized from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde through a series of enzymatic reactions involving intermediates like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This process occurs in the glycolysis pathway, specifically in the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. The other choices, B: Krebs Hensleit cycle, C: Hexose monophosphate shunt, and D: Cori cycle, are not involved in the direct synthesis of 2,3 DPG from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. Krebs Hensleit cycle is the citric acid cycle, Hexose monophosphate shunt is the pentose phosphate pathway, and Cori cycle is the process of lactate recycling in the liver.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increasing O2 concentration. When O2 concentration increases, it promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in the blood through the process of oxygenation. This results in the formation of oxyhemoglobin, which enhances oxygen transport in the blood. Summary: - A: Decreasing O2 concentration would hinder the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport efficiency. - C: Increasing CO2 concentration would lead to the formation of carbaminohemoglobin, not oxyhemoglobin. - D: Decreasing CO2 concentration would not directly promote the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because a pulmonary function test (PFT) measures lung function by assessing how much air moves in and out of the lungs when breathing. This test helps diagnose conditions like emphysema by evaluating lung capacity and air flow. Choice B is incorrect because PFTs do not measure energy obtained from oxygen, but rather focus on lung function. Choice C is incorrect as PFTs do not specifically measure lung elasticity. Choice D is incorrect because PFTs primarily assess air movement in the lungs, not the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: C is correct because the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ, not a primary one. The spleen filters blood, not lymph fluid. A is correct as the spleen is located in the described position. B is correct as the splenic vessels do communicate with the spleen at the hilum. D is correct as lymphocytes and dendritic cells are indeed concentrated in the white pulp. Summary: A, B, and D are correct statements about the spleen. C is incorrect because the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ, not a primary one.