A nurse observes that certain patients have less pain after procedures than do others, and forms a theory of why this happens. What is a theory?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): A theory is a statement of an occurrence based on observed facts. In this context, the nurse observed that some patients have less pain after procedures, leading to a theory about why this happens. The theory is based on the observation of a pattern or trend in real-world data. It is not a direct proof of a fact (A), not borrowed from other disciplines (B), and not a best guess based on intangible ideas (C). Summary of Other Choices: A: Incorrect because a theory is not used to directly prove a fact; it is an explanation based on observed facts. B: Incorrect because a theory is not borrowed from other disciplines; it is developed through observation and analysis of specific phenomena. C: Incorrect because a theory is not a best guess based on intangible ideas; it is a logical explanation derived from observed facts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: self-actualization. This is because the statement indicates the woman has achieved a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment in her life, which aligns with the concept of self-actualization in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This stage represents realizing one's full potential and achieving personal growth. Choices A, B, and C do not fully capture the depth of the woman's statement. Safety and security (A) focus on physical and financial safety, love and belonging (B) refer to social connections, and self-esteem (C) pertains to confidence and self-worth, which are important but not the primary focus of the woman's statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because maintaining patient confidentiality is a fundamental principle in nursing practice as outlined in the American Nurses Association (ANA) standards. Patient confidentiality is crucial for building trust and ensuring ethical care. A is incorrect because the nurse's practice should be guided by ANA standards, not just hospital policies. C is incorrect because the nurse should empower patients to advocate for themselves, not discourage them. D is incorrect because while delivering care in a nonjudgmental manner is important, it is not specifically mentioned in the ANA standards for clinical nursing practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: assault. Assault is the threat or attempt to inflict harm on someone, causing fear of imminent harm. In this scenario, the nurse's threat of using force to administer the injection without consent constitutes assault. Battery involves actual physical harm, which has not occurred yet. Negligence is the failure to provide reasonable care, which does not apply here. Defamation is the act of harming someone's reputation through false statements, not applicable in this situation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Readiness for Enhanced Parenting. This nursing diagnosis is appropriate as the mother is seeking information to enhance her parenting skills. She is proactive in seeking knowledge about safety, diet, and immunizations for her baby, indicating readiness for enhanced parenting. Choice A is incorrect because the mother is actively seeking information, indicating a readiness to learn rather than a deficit in knowledge. Choice B is incorrect as there is no evidence of impaired health maintenance in the scenario. Choice D is incorrect as there is no indication of coping issues, rather the mother is seeking information to enhance her parenting skills.