A nurse is working on values clarification with a pregnant smoker. Which statement is appropriate?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B, “What do you value most in life?” is the most appropriate statement for a nurse to use when working on values clarification with a pregnant smoker. This question encourages the individual to reflect on their personal values, which can help them recognize potential discrepancies between their values and their smoking behavior. Option A, “Why do you smoke cigarettes?” may come across as judgmental and may not foster a supportive environment for the individual to explore their values. Option C, “Who influenced your decision to smoke?” focuses more on external factors rather than internal values. Option D, “Is smoking consistent with your values?” is a closed-ended question that does not promote deeper reflection. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to use non-judgmental and open-ended questions when working with individuals on behavior change, such as smoking cessation. By guiding individuals to explore their values and motivations, nurses can support them in making informed decisions about their health behaviors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Facilitate interaction between the adolescent and her parents/guardians. This option is the most appropriate because it emphasizes the importance of involving the adolescent's parents or guardians in her care, especially considering her age and the sensitive nature of the diagnosis. Facilitating communication between the adolescent and her parents can help provide emotional support, ensure proper follow-up care, and involve the family in decisions regarding treatment and prevention. It also promotes trust and open communication within the family unit, which is crucial for the adolescent's overall well-being and health outcomes. Option A) Seeking advice from an ethics expert may not be necessary at this stage and could delay essential communication with the parents. Option C) Reporting the STI to the authorities is not typically the nurse's role unless mandated by law, and it may violate the adolescent's privacy rights without involving her parents or guardians. Option D) Contacting the adolescent's parents/guardians directly would be a more appropriate action than reporting to the authorities but may not be as effective as facilitating a structured interaction that supports the adolescent's autonomy while involving her family in a supportive manner. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of considering ethical, legal, and developmental factors when caring for adolescents with sensitive health issues. It underscores the significance of involving parents or guardians in the care of minors while respecting the adolescent's privacy and autonomy. Students can learn how to navigate complex ethical dilemmas and communicate effectively with both adolescents and their families in challenging situations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the nurse is applying consequentialism theory. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions. In this case, the nurse believes that by administering flu shots to everyone in the community, they are maximizing the overall benefit (public safety) and minimizing harm (spread of flu), which aligns with the principle of maximizing good outcomes. Option A, descriptive value theory, pertains to describing values that are held without making judgments about their validity or moral worth. This does not apply to the nurse's actions, as they are actively making a decision based on a perceived ethical responsibility. Option B, normative theory, refers to theories that prescribe how things should or ought to be. While the nurse's actions do involve a sense of obligation, the specific ethical framework being applied is consequentialism, not just a normative guideline. Option D, duty-based theory, typically refers to ethical frameworks like Kantian ethics, which focus on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions based on adherence to duties or rules. While the nurse may have a sense of duty, the primary driving force behind the decision to administer flu shots to all is the expected positive consequences on public safety. In an educational context, understanding different ethical theories is crucial for healthcare professionals like nurses to navigate complex moral dilemmas and make ethically sound decisions in their practice. By recognizing and applying appropriate ethical frameworks, nurses can ensure that their actions align with the values of beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and autonomy, promoting the best possible outcomes for their patients and the community.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Informed consent. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical concept in healthcare that requires healthcare providers to inform patients about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a proposed treatment or procedure so that the patient can make an autonomous decision based on full understanding. By not informing the client about the potential complications of open-heart surgery, the healthcare team is violating the principle of informed consent. Option A) Beneficence refers to the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient. While it is important to consider beneficence in healthcare decision-making, in this case, the failure to provide information goes against the principle of beneficence as well because withholding information may not be in the patient's best interest. Option B) Autonomy is the right of individuals to make their own decisions about their healthcare. Informed consent is a key component of respecting patient autonomy, as it allows patients to make decisions based on full information. Option C) Justice relates to fairness and equality in healthcare. While justice is an important ethical principle, it is not directly related to the issue of informed consent in this scenario. In an educational context, understanding the importance of informed consent is crucial for healthcare providers to uphold ethical standards and respect patients' rights. By ensuring that patients are fully informed about their treatment options, including potential risks, healthcare professionals empower patients to make decisions that align with their values and preferences. This case also highlights the significance of effective communication and transparency in the patient-provider relationship.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, understanding the different methods of preventing diseases like colon cancer is crucial. In this case, the correct answer is B) High fiber diet. A high-fiber diet is a primary prevention method for colon cancer because it helps to maintain bowel regularity and promotes overall digestive health. Fiber aids in moving waste through the colon more quickly, reducing the time that harmful substances in the stool come into contact with the colon lining, thus lowering the risk of developing cancerous changes. Option A) Hemoccult testing is a screening test, not a prevention method. It is used to detect blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colon cancer but does not prevent its occurrence. Option C) Colonoscopy is a screening procedure that can detect precancerous growths or early-stage cancer, but it is not a primary prevention method like a high fiber diet. Option D) Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure used for diagnosing and treating various conditions but is not a primary prevention method for colon cancer. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of lifestyle factors, such as diet, in preventing chronic diseases like colon cancer. It emphasizes the role of primary prevention strategies in reducing the risk of developing cancer, providing a foundation for understanding the broader concept of health promotion in pharmacology.