A nurse is using Milio's framework to promote healthy eating choices among members of the community. Which intervention would the nurse most likely implement?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: One of the propositions of Milio's framework is that alteration in patterns of behavior resulting from decision-making of a significant number of people in a population can result in social change. Some behaviors, such as tobacco use, have become difficult to maintain in many settings or situations in response to organizational and public policy mandates. Increasing taxation on unhealthy food choices may make it more difficult for community members to make these unhealthy choices.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: McKinlay (1979) further delineated the activities of the 'manufacturers of illness-those individuals, interest groups, and organizations which, in addition to producing material goods and services, also produce, as an inevitable byproduct, widespread morbidity and mortality' (pp. 9, 10). The manufacturers of illness embed desired behaviors in the dominant cultural norm and thus foster the habituation of high-risk behavior in the population. The manufacturers of illness include everyday examples such as the tobacco industry, the alcohol industry, and multiple corporations that produce environmental carcinogens. The existing U.S. Health Care System, in a misguided attempt to help, devotes its efforts to changing the products of the illness manufacturers and neglects the processes that create the products.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Welfare. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 provided relief for the poor and established the concept of government responsibility for social welfare. Welfare is the modern-day equivalent, encompassing various programs to assist those in need. Food stamps, Medicaid, and Medicare are specific programs within the broader welfare system, but they do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of social welfare like the Elizabethan Poor Law and modern welfare programs do.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because American citizens became interested in establishing government-sponsored boards of health due to the fear of infectious diseases such as yellow fever. This fear drove them to seek government intervention to address public health issues and prevent the spread of diseases. In contrast, choice B is incorrect as it does not relate to the primary reason for establishing boards of health. Choice D is also incorrect as the primary purpose of these boards was to focus on public health rather than taxation. Choice C is not provided with any information to support its relevance to the question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the Shattuck Report, published in 1850, led to the initiation of efforts to control alcohol and drug abuse, as well as tobacco use. This report was a landmark in public health history, advocating for improved sanitation and preventative measures. Choice B is incorrect as it does not align with the main focus of the report. Choice C is incorrect as environmental sanitation was a component but not the main outcome. Choice D is incorrect as the development of guidelines for modern public health organizations was not the immediate outcome of the Shattuck Report.