A nurse is teaching the parents of a newborn how to care for their child's uncircumcised penis. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Wash the penis once per day with soap and water. This instruction is important because it promotes basic hygiene for the uncircumcised penis without causing harm. Washing the penis with soap and water helps to prevent infections and maintain cleanliness. Option A is incorrect because retracting the foreskin forcefully can cause pain and injury to the delicate tissues. It is crucial to emphasize that the foreskin should never be forcibly retracted in infants. Option B is incorrect as using a cotton swab to clean under the foreskin can also cause injury and may leave behind fibers, increasing the risk of infection. Option C is incorrect because applying petroleum jelly to the foreskin can create a breeding ground for bacteria, leading to infections. It is not recommended for routine care. In an educational context, it is essential for nurses to provide evidence-based and safe instructions to parents regarding newborn care. Proper hygiene practices should be taught to ensure the well-being of the infant and prevent potential complications. Nurses play a key role in educating parents on best practices for newborn care, including how to care for an uncircumcised penis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Standard of care was not met. The woman could potentially have a legitimate legal case for negligence based on this ground because healthcare providers are expected to adhere to a certain standard of care when treating patients. In this case, the prolonged labor, the large size of the baby, and the subsequent death from sepsis may indicate that the standard of care was not met during the woman's labor and delivery. Option A) Inexperienced maternity nurse was assigned to care for the client may not be a strong legal ground for negligence unless the nurse's lack of experience directly led to a breach in the standard of care. Option B) Client was past her due date by 3 days is not directly related to negligence unless the healthcare provider failed to properly monitor the pregnancy post-term and respond accordingly. Option D) Client refused electronic fetal monitoring may not hold as a strong legal ground for negligence if the healthcare provider adequately informed the client of the risks and the client made an informed decision. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the legal implications of failing to meet the standard of care in maternity care. It underscores the responsibility of healthcare providers to provide appropriate care to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby during labor and delivery. Understanding these ethical and legal considerations is crucial for healthcare professionals working in maternity care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Higher rate of obesity among pregnant women. This is because obesity is a significant risk factor for complications during pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and cesarean section deliveries. These complications require more intensive monitoring, specialized care, and interventions, all of which contribute to increased healthcare costs. Option B) Limited access to technology is not the most relevant factor in explaining higher healthcare spending in the United States compared to other developed countries in the context of maternity care. While access to technology can impact healthcare costs, it is not the primary reason for the disparity. Option C) Increased use of health care services along with lower prices is not a likely explanation for higher healthcare spending. Increased utilization of services alone does not account for the overall cost difference, especially when prices are lower. Option D) Homogeneity of the population is not directly linked to higher healthcare spending. The diversity in a population does impact healthcare costs, but it is not the main reason for the difference in spending between the United States and other developed countries. In an educational context, understanding the factors influencing healthcare spending is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in maternity care. By recognizing the impact of obesity on pregnancy outcomes and healthcare costs, nurses can provide targeted education and interventions to pregnant women at risk, ultimately improving both maternal and infant health outcomes while managing costs effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer to the question is option B, "She will receive fewer interventions during the birth process." This is the most appropriate information for the nurse to share with the client because it highlights one of the key benefits of choosing midwifery care for pregnancy and childbirth. Option A is incorrect because midwifery care is not limited to only uninsured clients for cost reasons; it is a valid choice for all individuals seeking a more personalized and holistic approach to maternity care. Option C is incorrect as midwives in most countries are required to be certified and licensed professionals who undergo rigorous training and education to provide safe and competent care to pregnant individuals. Option D is incorrect as midwives can attend births not only at home or in birth centers but also in hospitals, offering a range of options for where the client can choose to deliver based on their preferences and medical needs. Educationally, it is important for healthcare providers to understand the different options available in maternity care to support pregnant individuals in making informed decisions about their care. Midwifery care is known for its focus on natural, low-intervention birth practices and providing individualized care that respects the autonomy and preferences of the client. By sharing accurate and unbiased information with clients, nurses can empower them to make choices that align with their values and desired birth experience.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Reduction of fetal deaths and use of prenatal care. This priority has made the most significant progress because efforts to reduce fetal deaths and increase access to prenatal care have been ongoing for several years, resulting in measurable improvements in maternal and infant health outcomes. Prenatal care plays a crucial role in identifying and addressing potential issues early, leading to better pregnancy outcomes and reduced risk of complications for both mother and baby. Option B) LBW infants and preterm births, while important, have shown slower progress compared to the reduction of fetal deaths and prenatal care. Although efforts have been made to address these issues, the complexities involved in preventing preterm births and low birth weight infants make progress more challenging. Option C) Elimination of health disparities based on race is a critical goal, but progress in this area has been slow and requires systemic changes beyond the scope of healthcare providers alone. Option D) Infant mortality and prevention of birth defects are also important priorities, but the reduction of fetal deaths and promotion of prenatal care have shown more significant progress in recent years. In an educational context, understanding the progress made in addressing maternal-child health priorities is essential for nurses providing care across the perinatal continuum. By recognizing the advancements in reducing fetal deaths and increasing prenatal care utilization, nurses can better advocate for evidence-based practices and interventions to improve outcomes for both mothers and infants.