A nurse is teaching a client who has a history of ulcerative colitis and a new diagnosis of anemia. Which of the following manifestations of colitis should the nurse identify as a contributing factor to the development of the anemia?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chronic blood loss. In ulcerative colitis, inflammation and ulcers in the colon can lead to chronic blood loss, resulting in anemia due to decreased red blood cell production. The inflamed colon may bleed continuously or intermittently, leading to a gradual decrease in hemoglobin levels. Dietary iron restrictions (choice A) may contribute to anemia, but chronic blood loss is the primary factor in this case. Intestinal malabsorption syndrome (choice B) may affect nutrient absorption but is not the main cause of anemia in this scenario. Intestinal parasites (choice D) can cause anemia through blood loss or nutrient depletion, but in this case, chronic blood loss from colitis is the most likely culprit.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: mucus. Mucus is a viscous substance secreted by mucous membranes that lubricates food, aiding its movement through the digestive tract. It also protects the epithelium by forming a barrier against harmful substances. Water (B) primarily aids in digestion and is not a secretion itself. Enzymes (C) are proteins that help break down food but do not provide lubrication. Hormones (D) are chemical messengers that regulate bodily functions but do not directly aid in food lubrication or protection.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: frenulum. The frenulum is a band of tissue that restricts the movement of the tongue, causing a person to be 'tongue-tied'. By surgically cutting the frenulum, this restriction is alleviated, allowing for improved tongue mobility and speech. Incorrect choices: A: The uvula is a small, fleshy lobe at the back of the tongue, not related to being 'tongue-tied'. B: The buccinator muscle is involved in chewing and facial expressions, not related to tongue-tie. D: The labium refers to the lips, which are not associated with being 'tongue-tied'.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: hiatus. The esophagus pierces through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus. The hiatus allows the esophagus to pass from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Fauces is the opening at the back of the mouth leading to the pharynx. C: Glottis is the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. D: Inguinal canal is a passage in the abdominal wall near the groin.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: gastric phase. This phase is activated by the distension of the stomach, triggering local reflexes and parasympathetic reflexes to stimulate gastric secretions. The cephalic phase (A) is triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food. The intestinal phase (C) inhibits gastric secretions and motility. The enterogastric phase (D) inhibits gastric motility and secretion when chyme enters the duodenum. Thus, the gastric phase is specifically related to the distension of the stomach, making it the correct answer.