A nurse is teaching a class on torts. The nurse should include which of the following situations as an example of negligence?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it demonstrates negligence by failing to promptly report a concerning finding, which could lead to harm. The nurse's delay in notifying the provider increases the risk of complications for the client. Option B involves deception and administration of medication without consent, which is a violation of the client's autonomy and not negligence. Option C involves inappropriate use of restraints against a competent client's wishes, violating autonomy and not negligence. Option D involves a threat of restraints to enforce dietary restrictions, which is not appropriate but also not a clear example of negligence.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Encourage the client to verbalize questions. This action demonstrates client advocacy by empowering the client to ask questions, express concerns, and actively participate in their care. It promotes informed decision-making and ensures that the client's needs and preferences are considered. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not prioritize the client's autonomy, rights, and well-being. Insisting the client take prescribed medications (B) disregards the client's right to make decisions about their own care. Informing the client that the medication is the same as taken at home (C) may not address the client's individual concerns or preferences. Telling the client that refusal of the medication is considered noncompliance (D) can be coercive and does not respect the client's right to refuse treatment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a positive PPD test with an abnormal chest x-ray indicates tuberculosis (TB), which is an airborne transmitted disease. Airborne precautions are required to prevent the spread of TB. Choice A is incorrect because AIDS with CMV does not require airborne precautions. CMV is primarily transmitted through body fluids. Choice C is incorrect because viral pneumonia, even with brown sputum, does not require airborne precautions as it is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Choice D is incorrect because advanced carcinoma of the lung with hemoptysis does not require airborne precautions as it is not an airborne transmitted disease.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Contact isolation. MRSA is primarily spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. Therefore, placing the client in contact isolation helps prevent the spread of the infection to others. A: Reverse isolation is used to protect immunocompromised patients from infections. B: Airborne isolation is for diseases spread through droplets in the air. C: Standard precautions are for all patients and do not specifically address MRSA. In summary, contact isolation is most appropriate for a client with MRSA pneumonia as it focuses on preventing direct transmission of the infection, unlike the other options which are not tailored to MRSA.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nonmaleficence. The nurse is displaying the ethical principle of nonmaleficence by protecting the surgeon's right to privacy and confidentiality. By refusing to disclose the surgeon's medical diagnosis, the nurse is prioritizing the principle of doing no harm and preventing potential harm to the surgeon's well-being. This respects the surgeon's autonomy and confidentiality. Summary of other choices: A: Utility - This principle focuses on maximizing benefits for the greatest number of people. Not applicable in this scenario. B: Paternalism - This principle involves making decisions for someone else's best interest. Not applicable as the nurse is respecting the surgeon's autonomy. C: Justice - This principle involves fairness and equal treatment. Not relevant to the situation as it does not involve distribution of resources or treatment.