A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has a peptic ulcer. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as a risk factor for this condition?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: History of NSAID use. NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of developing peptic ulcers. Bulimia (choice A) can lead to other gastrointestinal issues but is not a direct risk factor for peptic ulcers. Drinking green tea (choice C) is actually associated with potential protective effects against peptic ulcers due to its antioxidant properties. Having a glass of wine daily (choice D) is not a known risk factor for peptic ulcers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The lamina propria and muscularis mucosa are components of the mucosa layer. The lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelium, while the muscularis mucosa is a thin layer of smooth muscle. Both are part of the mucosa, which is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the correct answer is A: mucosa. The other choices are incorrect because the submucosa (B) is located outside the mucosa layer, the muscularis (C) is a separate layer of smooth muscle outside the mucosa, and the serosa (D) is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: water. Water is the most easily absorbed in the oral cavity due to its small molecular size and simple structure, allowing for rapid absorption through the mucous membranes in the mouth. Glucose, fatty acids, and peptides are larger molecules that require further breakdown by enzymes in the digestive system before absorption can occur, making them less easily absorbed in the oral cavity. Water, being a small molecule and essential for various physiological functions, can be quickly absorbed directly through the oral mucosa into the bloodstream, providing immediate hydration and other benefits.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: peristaltic reflex. During the esophageal phase of swallowing, peristalsis is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of muscles that propels food down the esophagus. This reflex is initiated by the stretching of the esophageal wall when food bolus enters, triggering a series of contractions to move the bolus towards the stomach. The enteric reflex (B) involves local reflexes within the gut but is not specific to the esophageal phase of swallowing. The swallowing center (C) in the medulla oblongata coordinates the overall swallowing process but does not directly cause the esophageal phase. The coughing reflex (D) is a protective mechanism to clear the airway, not involved in the esophageal phase.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because villi are fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. Villi have microvilli on their surface, further increasing the absorption area. Option A is incorrect because villi do not secrete mucus; goblet cells in the intestine do. Option B is incorrect because rugae are folds in the stomach lining, not in the small intestine. Option C is incorrect because Crypts of Lieberkuhn are intestinal glands that produce substances, but they are not fingerlike projections like villi.