A nurse is providing care for a surgeon on a medical-surgical unit. A nurse from another unit asks the nurse about the surgeon's medical diagnosis. The nurse responds that he is unable to provide the information requested. The nurse is displaying which of the following ethical principles?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nonmaleficence. The nurse is displaying the ethical principle of nonmaleficence by protecting the surgeon's right to privacy and confidentiality. By refusing to disclose the surgeon's medical diagnosis, the nurse is prioritizing the principle of doing no harm and preventing potential harm to the surgeon's well-being. This respects the surgeon's autonomy and confidentiality. Summary of other choices: A: Utility - This principle focuses on maximizing benefits for the greatest number of people. Not applicable in this scenario. B: Paternalism - This principle involves making decisions for someone else's best interest. Not applicable as the nurse is respecting the surgeon's autonomy. C: Justice - This principle involves fairness and equal treatment. Not relevant to the situation as it does not involve distribution of resources or treatment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: There is no significant difference or relationship. The null hypothesis assumes no effect or relationship exists between variables in a study. It serves as a baseline assumption to be tested against the alternative hypothesis. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because the null hypothesis does not assert the presence of a relationship, reliability of results, or adequacy of sample size, but rather the absence of a significant difference or relationship.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The ability to generalize findings to other populations. External validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the specific sample or setting studied. This is crucial for ensuring that the results are applicable to a broader population. In contrast, option A (accuracy of the measurement tool) addresses internal validity, while option C (consistency of research results) is related to internal reliability. Option D (reliability of the sample size) focuses on the consistency and precision of data collection, which is more about internal reliability rather than external validity. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it directly relates to the concept of external validity in research.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autonomy. Autonomy is the ethical principle that upholds an individual's right to make decisions about their own healthcare. In this scenario, the client is alert and oriented and has expressed the wish to discontinue the ventilator, which reflects their autonomy. Continuing treatment against the client's wishes would violate their autonomy. Veracity (A) relates to truth-telling, Fidelity (C) refers to being faithful to commitments, and Justice (D) pertains to fair and equal treatment. In this case, the primary ethical principle at play is the client's right to make their own decisions about their care, making Autonomy the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Wash bitten area with soap and water. This is because cleaning the wound helps reduce the risk of infection. Soap and water can help remove bacteria from the bite, reducing the chance of complications. Going to the hospital is important for serious bites, but immediate cleaning is crucial. Choice A is not specific to the immediate first aid needed. Choices C and D are incomplete and do not provide any relevant information for treating a dog bite.