A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed medication to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take to demonstrate client advocacy?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Encourage the client to verbalize questions. This action demonstrates client advocacy by empowering the client to ask questions, express concerns, and actively participate in their care. It promotes informed decision-making and ensures that the client's needs and preferences are considered. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not prioritize the client's autonomy, rights, and well-being. Insisting the client take prescribed medications (B) disregards the client's right to make decisions about their own care. Informing the client that the medication is the same as taken at home (C) may not address the client's individual concerns or preferences. Telling the client that refusal of the medication is considered noncompliance (D) can be coercive and does not respect the client's right to refuse treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Contact isolation. MRSA is primarily spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. Therefore, placing the client in contact isolation helps prevent the spread of the infection to others. A: Reverse isolation is used to protect immunocompromised patients from infections. B: Airborne isolation is for diseases spread through droplets in the air. C: Standard precautions are for all patients and do not specifically address MRSA. In summary, contact isolation is most appropriate for a client with MRSA pneumonia as it focuses on preventing direct transmission of the infection, unlike the other options which are not tailored to MRSA.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nonmaleficence. The nurse is displaying the ethical principle of nonmaleficence by protecting the surgeon's right to privacy and confidentiality. By refusing to disclose the surgeon's medical diagnosis, the nurse is prioritizing the principle of doing no harm and preventing potential harm to the surgeon's well-being. This respects the surgeon's autonomy and confidentiality. Summary of other choices: A: Utility - This principle focuses on maximizing benefits for the greatest number of people. Not applicable in this scenario. B: Paternalism - This principle involves making decisions for someone else's best interest. Not applicable as the nurse is respecting the surgeon's autonomy. C: Justice - This principle involves fairness and equal treatment. Not relevant to the situation as it does not involve distribution of resources or treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because nonmaleficence means to do no harm. Withholding a dose of narcotic pain medication when the client has respiratory depression is essential to prevent harm and potential worsening of the client's condition. Choice A is not directly related to nonmaleficence. Choice B is important but not specific to avoiding harm. Choice D, while important for emotional support, does not directly address preventing harm or avoiding potential harm to the client.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: There is no significant difference or relationship. The null hypothesis assumes no effect or relationship exists between variables in a study. It serves as a baseline assumption to be tested against the alternative hypothesis. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because the null hypothesis does not assert the presence of a relationship, reliability of results, or adequacy of sample size, but rather the absence of a significant difference or relationship.