A nurse is leading a group about relapse prevention. Which of the following statements appropriately describes the principles of the self-help groups Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Clients are powerless over addiction, and it can only be overcome through belief in a higher power. This principle is foundational to the 12-step programs of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA). These self-help groups emphasize surrendering to a higher power to find strength in recovery. This approach helps individuals recognize the limits of their own control and fosters humility and acceptance, key components in overcoming addiction. Option A is incorrect because self-reliance is not the focus of AA and NA. Option C is incorrect as it suggests transferring control to another person, which is not the essence of these self-help groups. Option D is incorrect as it promotes a deterministic view of substance use disorders, which goes against the empowering and hopeful approach of AA and NA. Educationally, understanding the principles of AA and NA is crucial for healthcare professionals working with individuals struggling with addiction. It highlights the importance of spiritual and emotional aspects in recovery, encouraging empathy, support, and a holistic approach to addressing substance use disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Justice. In this scenario, justice is the ethical principle that most clearly applies. Justice in healthcare ethics refers to the fair distribution of resources and the equitable treatment of all individuals. The nurse's concern about using restraint for one patient while providing one-on-one supervision for another patient highlights the issue of fairness and equity in care delivery. Option A) Beneficence, focuses on doing good and promoting the well-being of patients. While using restraint may be viewed as a way to prevent harm, the issue at hand is more about fairness and justice in resource allocation. Option B) Autonomy, pertains to respecting patients' rights to make their own decisions about their care. Although autonomy is an important ethical principle, it is not the primary concern in this situation. Option C) Fidelity, relates to being faithful to commitments and agreements made with patients. While fidelity is crucial in building trust with patients, it is not the central ethical principle at play in the nurse's dilemma. Educationally, understanding the ethical principles in nursing is vital for making sound clinical decisions and providing ethical care. Nurses must navigate complex ethical dilemmas like the one presented in this question to ensure that their practice upholds the principles of justice, beneficence, autonomy, and fidelity. This scenario underscores the importance of considering fairness and equity in healthcare decision-making processes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D) Milk. When a patient diagnosed with major depressive disorder refuses solid food, offering milk is a suitable choice due to its nutritional value and ease of consumption. Milk provides essential nutrients like protein, calcium, and vitamins, which can be beneficial for the patient's overall health and well-being. Additionally, milk is a liquid that is easier to swallow compared to solid foods, making it a practical option for someone who is having difficulty eating. Option A) Tomato juice may not be the best choice because it is acidic and may cause discomfort for individuals with sensitive stomachs or those experiencing gastrointestinal issues. Option B) Orange juice is also acidic and may not be well-tolerated by some individuals, especially if they have digestive concerns. Option C) Hot tea might not provide sufficient nutrients and may not be well-suited for someone who requires more substantial nourishment. In an educational context, understanding the importance of nutrition in mental health is crucial for nurses caring for patients with major depressive disorder. Offering appropriate food and beverage options can play a significant role in supporting the patient's physical health, which in turn can positively impact their mental well-being. It is essential for nurses to consider the individual's preferences, dietary restrictions, and nutritional needs when making recommendations for food and beverage choices in such situations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D is an example of 'attending' because it demonstrates active listening and a willingness to provide emotional support. By expressing a desire to sit with the patient, the nurse is showing empathy and creating a therapeutic environment for the patient to feel comfortable opening up. Option A is incorrect because it minimizes the patient's feelings by comparing them to others' stress levels and dismissing the patient's current situation. This response lacks empathy and fails to acknowledge the patient's emotional state. Option B is incorrect as it comes across as confrontational and may make the patient feel defensive. The question seems judgmental and does not convey a sense of understanding or support for the patient's feelings. Option C is incorrect because it focuses solely on the medical aspect of treatment and does not address the patient's emotional needs or provide reassurance. It lacks the human connection necessary for effective therapeutic communication. In the context of nursing care, 'attending' is a crucial component of building a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. By actively listening, showing empathy, and providing emotional support, nurses can create a safe space for patients to express their thoughts and feelings, ultimately enhancing the quality of care and promoting positive outcomes in mental health treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of managing aggressive behavior in a patient with schizophrenia displaying agitation, disorganized speech, and paranoia, the most appropriate medication choice from the options provided is Haloperidol (Option C). Haloperidol is a first-generation antipsychotic medication that is commonly used to address symptoms of psychosis, including agitation and paranoia. It exerts its therapeutic effects by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, thereby helping to reduce hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Clozapine (Option A) is a second-generation antipsychotic that is often reserved for cases of treatment-resistant schizophrenia due to its potential for serious side effects such as agranulocytosis. While effective, it is not typically the first choice for managing acute aggression in schizophrenia. Lithium (Option B) is a mood stabilizer commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, not for managing acute psychotic symptoms like agitation and paranoia in schizophrenia. Fluoxetine (Option D) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used primarily in the treatment of depression and some anxiety disorders. It is not indicated for managing the symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly aggressive behaviors. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind selecting the appropriate medication for specific symptoms in schizophrenia is crucial for nursing practice. It is essential for nurses to be able to differentiate between various medications used in psychiatric care to provide safe and effective patient care. By grasping the pharmacological principles and therapeutic uses of different medications, nurses can contribute significantly to the holistic management of patients with mental health disorders.