A nurse is instructing a client who has GERD about positions that can help minimize the effects of reflux during sleep. Which of the following statements indicates to the nurse that the client understands the instructions?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "I will lie on my left side to sleep at night." This position helps prevent acid from flowing back into the esophagus due to the angle of the stomach in relation to the esophagus. Lying on the right side can worsen reflux. Sleeping on the back with the head flat can also worsen symptoms as gravity can allow acid to flow back up. Sleeping on the stomach with the head flat is not recommended as it can put pressure on the stomach, leading to increased reflux.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: simple columnar epithelium. This type of epithelium is found in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Simple columnar epithelium is ideal for absorption and secretion due to its tall, column-like shape and presence of microvilli. It provides a large surface area for nutrient absorption. Simple squamous epithelium (choice A) is thin and is found in areas where filtration or diffusion occurs, like the lungs. Stratified squamous epithelium (choice B) is found in areas subject to mechanical stress, such as the skin. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (choice D) is typically found in the respiratory tract and has cilia for moving mucus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: moist stratified squamous epithelium. The lips require a moist lining to prevent dehydration and facilitate movement. Stratified squamous epithelium is ideal for areas subjected to wear and tear, like the lips. The stratified nature provides protection, while the squamous cells allow flexibility and ease of movement. The moist aspect is crucial to maintain hydration and prevent drying out. Summary: - Choice B (dry stratified squamous) is incorrect because the lips need a moist lining. - Choice C (simple columnar) is incorrect because columnar epithelium is not typically found on the lips. - Choice D (pseudostratified columnar) is incorrect as it is not the most suitable type of epithelium for the lips' functions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the uvula and soft palate actually move superiorly, not inferiorly, during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity. A) The larynx raises to prevent food from entering the trachea. B) The epiglottis moves anteriorly to cover the glottis and prevent aspiration. D) The vestibular folds move laterally to help seal off the airway during swallowing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: mixing waves. Mixing waves are the stomach contractions that help mix the chyme near the periphery of the stomach and move it towards the pyloric sphincter for further digestion. Peristaltic waves (B) are rhythmic contractions that propel food through the digestive system, not specifically in the stomach. The pyloric pump (A) is not a recognized term in gastrointestinal physiology. Mass movements (D) refer to contractions in the large intestine that move feces towards the rectum, not in the stomach.