A nurse is examining a 40-year-old woman for signs of ovarian cancer. She has a family history of ovarian cancer. Which statement does the nurse know to be true regarding ovarian cancer?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages. This is true because ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic in the early stages, making it difficult to detect. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer is usually at an advanced stage. Choice B is incorrect because the Pap smear test is used to detect cervical cancer, not ovarian cancer. Choice C is incorrect because while some high-risk women may benefit from periodic ultrasound screenings, it is not recommended for all women at high risk. Choice D is incorrect because there is no specific annual screening recommendation for ovarian cancer in women over the age of 50.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: A large, irregular, and tender uterus. Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that can cause heavy menstrual bleeding and frequent urination. During the pelvic examination, the nurse would expect to find a large uterus due to the presence of fibroids. The irregular shape is indicative of the growths, and tenderness may be present due to inflammation or pressure on surrounding tissues. Choices A, C, and D do not align with the typical characteristics of fibroids, making them incorrect. A smooth, enlarged uterus (A) is not characteristic of fibroids. A firm, mobile, and non-tender uterus (C) is more indicative of a normal uterus. A hard, irregular, fixed uterus (D) may suggest a different pathology, such as endometriosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salts. During filtration in the kidneys, salts (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) are removed from the blood to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Carbon dioxide (A) is primarily eliminated through respiration, not filtration by the kidneys. Oxygen (C) is essential for cellular respiration and is not typically removed by the kidneys. Red blood cells (D) are not filtered out by the kidneys unless there is a medical condition affecting the kidneys' function. Thus, the correct answer is B as salts are one of the key substances removed during kidney filtration to regulate electrolyte levels in the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Proximal convoluted tubule. ADH acts on the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption. However, the majority of water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to its high permeability to water. This segment reabsorbs about 65% of filtered water, mainly through osmosis. The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in concentrating urine, but it is not the main site of water reabsorption. The collecting duct responds to ADH but reabsorbs a smaller fraction of filtered water compared to the proximal tubule. The distal convoluted tubule is primarily involved in electrolyte reabsorption rather than water reabsorption.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Absent testes. In a full-term newborn male, the absence of testes is a concerning finding that requires immediate investigation to rule out conditions like undescended testes or any underlying genetic abnormalities. This is crucial for ensuring normal development and future fertility. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Meatus centered at the tip of the penis is a normal finding in a full-term newborn. C: Wrinkled scrotum is a common and normal variation in newborns and does not typically require immediate investigation. D: Penis 2 to 3 cm in length is within the expected range for a full-term newborn and is not a cause for concern.