A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has a pulmonary infection. Which action should the nurse take first?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take first is to assess the client's level of consciousness (Choice B) because it is essential to determine the client's current neurological status and mental acuity, which can indicate the severity of the infection and the need for immediate interventions. Assessing consciousness helps in identifying any signs of respiratory distress or potential complications. Encouraging fluid intake (Choice A) is important but not the priority when the client's respiratory status is uncertain. Raising the head of the bed (Choice C) is beneficial for improving oxygenation but should come after assessing the client's consciousness. Providing humidified oxygen (Choice D) is important for respiratory support but should be based on the assessment findings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Delayed Hypersensitivity. The TB skin test, also known as the Mantoux test, is based on the principle of delayed hypersensitivity reaction. When Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is injected subcutaneously, in individuals previously exposed to TB, the immune system mounts a delayed hypersensitivity reaction resulting in localized inflammation at the injection site. This reaction is mediated by T cells and is indicative of previous exposure to the TB bacterium. Incorrect choices: B: Production of antibodies - The TB skin test does not detect the production of antibodies specific to TB, but rather the cellular immune response. C: Production of Tubercle toxin - The test is not based on the production of the tubercle toxin, but on the immune response to the tuberculin PPD. D: All these - While the immune response may involve various components, such as antibodies and cellular responses, the primary basis of the TB skin test is the

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Choice C is correct because blood contains buffers like bicarbonate that help maintain pH balance by neutralizing excess acids or bases. This prevents blood from becoming acidic during CO2 transportation. Choices A and B are incorrect as hemoglobin doesn't directly regulate blood pH, and hemoglobinc acid is not a component in blood. Choice D is incorrect as high CO2 levels can actually lead to blood becoming more acidic if not properly buffered.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Perfusion. Pulmonary hypertension affects blood flow through the lungs, leading to decreased perfusion. This results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood. Acid-base balance (A) is maintained by the kidneys and lungs, not directly impacted by pulmonary hypertension. Diffusion (C) refers to gas exchange in the alveoli, which is affected by perfusion but not the primary disturbance in pulmonary hypertension. Ventilation (D) is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, which is not primarily affected by pulmonary hypertension; it is more related to conditions like COPD.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because a sensitized B cell requires activation by a helper T cell releasing cytokines to undergo differentiation and proliferation into plasma cells. This interaction is crucial for initiating the humoral immune response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because binding to a cytotoxic T cell, cloning of memory B cells, or cloning of plasma cells do not directly activate a sensitized B cell for its function in producing antibodies.