A nurse is caring for a patient with hypertension. The nurse should educate the patient to avoid which of the following?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Increasing salt intake. Salt intake can worsen hypertension by causing water retention and increasing blood pressure. Limiting caffeine intake (A) and increasing physical activity (D) are beneficial for managing hypertension. Consuming more fruits and vegetables (B) is also recommended as they are part of a healthy diet that can help lower blood pressure. Overall, educating the patient to avoid increasing salt intake is crucial in managing hypertension effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the biomedical model focuses on defining health as the absence of disease. This model emphasizes biological factors in understanding and treating illnesses. It is reductionist in nature, viewing health issues as purely physical and separate from social or psychological aspects. Choices B, C, and D do not align with the biomedical model. B emphasizes overall well-being, not just the absence of disease. C suggests a more holistic approach, while D implies a focus on nursing rather than the medical model's emphasis on disease treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Senile angiomas. Senile angiomas are common benign growths of small blood vessels that appear as bright-red dots on the skin, commonly seen in older individuals. In this case, the patient is 32 years old, which is relatively young for an appearance of senile angiomas, but still within the possible age range. Anasarca (A) is generalized edema, not related to the described skin condition. Scleroderma (B) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by skin thickening and not associated with bright-red dots. Latent myeloma (D) is a type of bone marrow cancer and not related to the skin findings described.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Subjective data. During the interview portion of data collection, subjective data is obtained as it involves personal opinions, feelings, and experiences shared by the interviewee. This data is based on individual perspectives and cannot be measured objectively. Physical data (A) refers to tangible measurements, historical data (B) relates to past events or records, and objective data (C) is based on observable and measurable facts. In contrast, subjective data (D) captures the interviewee's viewpoints and interpretations, making it the most appropriate choice for the given scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because ethnicity is defined by shared heritage, culture, language, or religion. This definition encompasses the key components that make up an individual's ethnic identity. Choice A is incorrect because while political forces may influence ethnicity, it does not define the concept itself. Choice C is incorrect as ethnicity is not necessarily related to belief in a higher power. Choice D is incorrect as ethnicity is not solely a learned behavior but also includes innate aspects like heritage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood pressure and heart rate. This is crucial in assessing the cardiac function of a patient with a history of myocardial infarction. Monitoring blood pressure and heart rate helps in evaluating cardiovascular status and detecting any potential complications. Abnormal values in these parameters can indicate inadequate perfusion to the heart or other organs, which can be life-threatening. Other choices are incorrect because: B: Temperature and respiratory rate are important assessments but not the priority for a patient with a history of myocardial infarction. C: Bowel sounds and abdominal girth are more relevant for gastrointestinal issues and not a priority in this scenario. D: Urine output and skin integrity are important assessments for overall health but do not directly relate to the cardiovascular status in a patient with a history of myocardial infarction.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The diaphragm of the stethoscope. The diaphragm is used to assess heart murmurs as it allows for higher-frequency sounds to be heard more clearly. When assessing heart murmurs, using the diaphragm helps to differentiate between systolic and diastolic murmurs, as well as to identify specific characteristics such as intensity and location. A: The bell of the stethoscope is used for low-frequency sounds and would not be ideal for assessing heart murmurs. C: Palpation with the palm of the hand is used to assess pulses and vibrations, not heart murmurs. D: Asking another nurse to double-check the finding is important for validation but does not directly relate to the technique used to assess a heart murmur.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Jaundice. In chronic liver disease, impaired liver function can result in the accumulation of bilirubin leading to jaundice. Jaundice is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes. Monitoring for jaundice is crucial in assessing the progression of liver disease. B: Hypoglycemia is not a common complication of chronic liver disease. Liver plays a role in glycogen storage and glucose production, so hypoglycemia is less likely. C: Hyperglycemia is more commonly associated with conditions like diabetes rather than chronic liver disease. The liver's role in glucose regulation may be impaired, but hyperglycemia is not a typical complication. D: Anemia is not directly related to liver disease, although it may occur as a secondary complication due to factors like decreased production of certain blood components. Monitoring for anemia is important, but jaundice is a more specific complication of chronic liver disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administering antihypertensive medication as prescribed. This is the priority intervention because it directly addresses the patient's hypertension, which is a critical condition that needs immediate management to prevent complications. Encouraging weight loss (B), monitoring blood pressure (C), and promoting a low-sodium diet (D) are all important aspects of managing hypertension. However, administering antihypertensive medication takes precedence as it directly targets lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Weight loss, monitoring, and dietary changes are important for long-term management but may not provide immediate control of hypertension compared to medication.