Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Assessing serum creatinine levels and GFR is crucial in monitoring kidney function in CKD patients. These tests provide information on the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the blood. Monitoring these levels helps in determining the stage of CKD and adjusting treatment plans accordingly. Blood glucose levels (B) are important in diabetes management but not the priority in CKD. Hemoglobin levels (C) are important for anemia assessment in CKD but not as critical as kidney function. Potassium levels (D) are important to monitor in CKD, but assessing kidney function takes precedence.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Begin with the head. This is the most appropriate action as starting with the head allows the nurse to establish rapport with the infant and assess their level of alertness before progressing further. By starting at the head, the nurse can also observe the infant's facial expressions and interactions with the caregiver, providing valuable information about the infant's overall well-being. Assessing reflexes first (Choice A) may startle the infant, asking the parent to undress the child (Choice B) can be done after the initial assessment, and beginning with the legs (Choice D) does not prioritize the critical areas of observation such as the head and face.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Hepatic encephalopathy. In cirrhosis, the liver is unable to detoxify ammonia, leading to its accumulation and causing neurological symptoms. Monitoring for signs such as confusion, altered mental status, and asterixis is crucial. Acute renal failure (A) is not directly related to cirrhosis but may occur as a complication. Acute pancreatitis (C) is not a typical complication of cirrhosis. COPD (D) is a respiratory condition and not directly associated with cirrhosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: not pulling to a standing position. In an 11-12-month-old child, the inability to pull to a standing position may indicate developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as it can lead to abnormal hip development. Refusal to walk (A) can be a sign of other musculoskeletal issues but not specific to DDH. Negative Trendelenburg sign (C) refers to weakness in the hip abductors and is not a specific finding for DDH. A negative Ortolani sign (D) indicates the absence of hip dislocation and is not a definitive sign of DDH at this age.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an episodic history is most appropriate for acute, short-term conditions like cold and flu symptoms seen in an outpatient clinic. This type of history focuses on the current problem and recent events leading up to it. Choice A involves a long-term care facility, which would require a more comprehensive history. Choice B describes a sudden severe symptom, which would prompt an urgent or emergent history. Choice C involves an upcoming surgical procedure, which would require a preoperative history. Therefore, option D is the most appropriate for an episodic history as it aligns with the acute nature of the condition and the focus on the current issue.