Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because increased sputum production and shortness of breath are classic signs of exacerbation in COPD. This indicates worsening airflow limitation and potential respiratory distress. Monitoring these signs helps in early intervention and preventing further complications. B: Improved oxygen saturation is not a sign of exacerbation in COPD. It would actually suggest improvement in the patient's condition. C: Increased energy levels are not typical signs of exacerbation in COPD. Patients usually experience fatigue and weakness during exacerbations. D: Decreased respiratory rate is not indicative of exacerbation in COPD. It could be a sign of respiratory depression or sedation, but not exacerbation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because applying theory in real situations allows nurses to analyze, evaluate, and problem-solve effectively. This promotes critical thinking by integrating knowledge into practice. Working with physicians (B) and following orders (C) do not directly enhance critical thinking as they focus more on collaboration and task completion. Developing nursing diagnoses (D) is important but does not specifically target critical thinking skills like applying theory does.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the patient is showing signs of expressive aphasia, where they have difficulty with verbal expression. By supporting his efforts to communicate and using pantomime and gestures, the nurse can help bridge the communication gap and facilitate understanding. This approach acknowledges the patient's drive to communicate and helps him convey his thoughts effectively. Option A is incorrect because although the patient may understand, the nurse needs to adapt the communication method to support the patient's expressive difficulties. Option B is incorrect as abandoning communication efforts would be detrimental to the patient's well-being and recovery. Option C is incorrect as the patient's ability to read and write may also be impaired due to the stroke, making this method less effective than using gestures and pantomime.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it involves a specific and observable task that assesses attention span. By asking the patient to perform a physical action that requires focus and coordination, the nurse can directly evaluate the patient's ability to follow instructions and maintain attention. This task also helps to assess motor skills and coordination, which can be affected in certain conditions associated with anxiety and restlessness. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly assess attention span. Choice A focuses on emotions and behavior rather than attention. Choice B assesses memory recall rather than attention span. Choice C tests comprehension and interpretation skills related to a phrase, but it does not evaluate attention span directly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Atrial fibrillation. Patients with a history of stroke are at an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, a common cause of ischemic stroke. Monitoring for signs of atrial fibrillation such as irregular heartbeat, palpitations, dizziness, and chest discomfort is crucial for early detection and prevention of recurrent strokes. Pulmonary embolism (A), chronic kidney disease (C), and sepsis (D) are not directly associated with a history of stroke and would not be the primary focus of monitoring in this case.