A nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing end-of-life symptoms. What action by the nurse demonstrates palliative care principles?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Providing emotional support and addressing psychosocial needs demonstrates palliative care principles when caring for a patient experiencing end-of-life symptoms. Palliative care focuses on holistic care that encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual support for patients and their families during times of serious illness. By addressing emotional needs and providing support, the nurse helps improve the patient's quality of life and comfort during this difficult time. This approach goes beyond just managing physical symptoms and pain, recognizing the importance of supporting the patient's overall well-being. Encouraging the patient to make decisions about life-sustaining treatments is also an important aspect of palliative care, but providing emotional support and addressing psychosocial needs is crucial in palliative care practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Vocal cord nodules are benign growths on the vocal cords, typically caused by vocal abuse or misuse. The most appropriate intervention for managing vocal cord nodules is voice therapy and vocal hygiene education. Voice therapy aims to correct vocal habits and techniques that contribute to the formation of nodules, while vocal hygiene education focuses on maintaining vocal health through proper hydration, rest, and avoiding behaviors that strain the vocal cords. These interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing and eliminating vocal cord nodules without the need for surgical intervention. Surgery, such as vocal cord polypectomy or injection with corticosteroids, is typically reserved for cases that do not respond to conservative management or if there are significant complications. Partial laryngectomy is a more extensive surgical procedure that is not typically indicated for vocal cord nodules.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The presentation described in the question – sudden-onset unilateral headache along with ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis – is characteristic of Horner syndrome. Horner syndrome is caused by disruption of the sympathetic nerve pathway and can occur in trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition affecting the trigeminal nerve commonly characterized by sudden and severe facial pain that can be triggered by various stimuli. The involvement of the sympathetic pathway in trigeminal neuralgia can lead to Horner syndrome symptoms such as ptosis (drooping eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side of the face. Cluster headaches usually involve severe unilateral pain around the eye, but they do not typically present with Horner syndrome symptoms. Migraine and tension-type headaches also do not typically present with Horner syndrome symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the scenario described, the patient is experiencing refractory hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation, indicating the presence of septic shock. In septic shock, systemic vasodilation and vascular hyporesponsiveness contribute to hypotension. Therefore, the primary management approach is to restore vascular tone and blood pressure to maintain organ perfusion. Administering vasopressor medications (Choice A) is the crucial intervention to achieve this goal. Vasopressors, such as norepinephrine or vasopressin, constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure, helping to stabilize the patient in septic shock. While options B and C (performing blood cultures and initiating broad-spectrum antibiotics) are important for identifying the causative pathogen and treating the infection, they are secondary to the immediate need for hemodynamic support in septic shock. Prophylactic anticoagulation (Choice D) is not the primary intervention for

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Oxybutynin is a medication commonly used for the management of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms such as urinary urgency and frequency. It belongs to a class of medications known as anticholinergics, which work by relaxing the bladder muscles and reducing bladder spasms. By doing so, it helps to decrease the symptoms of OAB, including frequent urination, sudden urges to urinate, and leakage. Oxybutynin can be taken orally in tablet form, as a transdermal patch, or as a gel, providing various options for patients based on their preferences and needs. Overall, oxybutynin is an effective treatment option for individuals experiencing overactive bladder symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When writing a memorandum, clarity in the content is the most important guideline to follow. It is crucial that the information provided in the memorandum is clearly understood by the recipients. Clear content ensures that the intended message is effectively communicated, reducing the possibility of confusion or misinterpretation. By focusing on clarity, the purpose of the memorandum can be effectively conveyed, maintaining professionalism and ensuring that the recipients are well-informed.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The presentation of persistent, severe headache, visual disturbances, and epigastric pain in a postpartum client could indicate the development of postpartum preeclampsia or eclampsia, which are serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Prompt notification of the healthcare provider is essential to ensure timely assessment, diagnosis, and treatment to prevent potential complications for both the mother and baby. Encouraging rest, providing acetaminophen, or offering a massage are not appropriate interventions for addressing these symptoms, as they do not address the underlying cause and urgency of the situation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Immunity that the baby gets from the immune mother through breastfeeding is considered passive natural immunity. This is because the baby receives pre-formed antibodies from the mother's breast milk, providing temporary protection until the baby's own immune system is fully developed. This type of immunity is passive since the baby does not produce its antibodies, and it is considered natural because it happens through a natural process of breastfeeding.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In a pregnant woman presenting with severe abdominal pain, syncope, signs of hypovolemic shock, and gestational age of 6 weeks, the most likely cause is an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tube. As the pregnancy grows and the tube stretches, it can lead to rupture, causing severe abdominal pain, internal bleeding, and signs of shock. This is a life-threatening emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and management. It is important to consider ectopic pregnancy in any pregnant woman presenting with abdominal pain and signs of shock, especially in the first trimester.