A nurse is caring for a client who is about to begin taking epoetin. An increase in which of the following laboratory values should indicate to the nurse that the therapy is effective?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hgb (hemoglobin). Epoetin is a medication used to stimulate the production of red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin. Therefore, an increase in hemoglobin level indicates that the therapy is effective in treating anemia. Incorrect choices: A: PT (prothrombin time) is a measure of blood clotting time and is not directly related to epoetin therapy. B: WBC (white blood cell count) is not affected by epoetin therapy, as it primarily targets red blood cell production. D: Platelets are involved in blood clotting and are not directly influenced by epoetin therapy for anemia. In summary, the increase in hemoglobin level is the most relevant indicator of the effectiveness of epoetin therapy for treating anemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Haemoglobin A. In cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.6, haemoglobin A moves furthest towards the anode because it has the highest net negative charge among the normal haemoglobins. This is due to the high number of negatively charged amino acids in haemoglobin A compared to the other normal haemoglobins. Haemoglobin D, A2, and S have different amino acid sequences and charge distributions, resulting in them migrating at different rates. Haemoglobin D and A2 are minor components with lower net negative charge compared to A. Haemoglobin S, on the other hand, has a different charge distribution due to the substitution of glutamic acid with valine in the beta chain, causing it to migrate differently than haemoglobin A.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Iron deficiency leads to decreased hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in smaller red blood cells. 2. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells. 3. In iron deficiency anemia, MCV is low due to the smaller red blood cells. 4. Therefore, choice B is correct as it reflects the characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia. Summary: A: Atrophic gastritis is seen in pernicious anemia, not iron deficiency anemia. C: Total iron binding capacity is increased, not reduced, in iron deficiency anemia. D: Megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow are seen in megaloblastic anemias, not iron deficiency anemia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Posterior iliac crest. This site is commonly used for bone marrow biopsies due to its accessibility and abundance of red bone marrow. The iliac crest is a flat bone, making it easier to access for the procedure compared to the round shape of other bones listed. Ribs (A) are not commonly used due to the risk of pneumothorax. The humerus (B) is not an ideal site as it contains mostly yellow bone marrow. Long bones in the legs (D) are not typically used for bone marrow biopsies due to the difficulty in accessing and the higher risk of complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Removal of old red blood cells from circulation. The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering and removing old or damaged red blood cells from circulation. When the spleen is removed, this function is compromised, leading to a decrease in the body's ability to clear out these cells efficiently. This can result in an increased risk of anemia and other complications related to the buildup of old red blood cells in the bloodstream. A: Filtration of waste products - While the spleen does play a role in filtering blood, its primary function is related to red blood cells, not waste products. C: Clearance of mucous in the tracheobronchial tree - This function is primarily carried out by the respiratory system, particularly the cilia and mucous membranes in the airways, not the spleen. D: Facilitation of glucose to be used by the cell for energy - This function is primarily related to the pancreas and insulin production, not the