A nurse is caring for a client who has an active upper gastrointestinal bleed. After inserting a NG tube into the client, which of the following findings should the nurse anticipate?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Coffee-ground drainage. This indicates upper GI bleed, where blood mixes with gastric acid, forming a coffee-ground appearance. Frothy pink drainage (A) is more common in respiratory issues. Dark amber drainage (B) is typical for lower GI bleeds. Greenish-yellow drainage (D) is not associated with GI bleeding. In this case, the nurse should monitor for coffee-ground drainage to assess the severity of the upper GI bleed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: vagus. The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic motor neurons to the enteric plexi located in the gastrointestinal tract. It innervates most of the organs in the thorax and abdomen, controlling functions like digestion and heart rate. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not carry parasympathetic motor neurons to the enteric plexi. Oculomotor (A) innervates muscles responsible for eye movement, facial (B) innervates facial muscles and salivary glands, and glossopharyngeal (C) innervates the tongue and pharynx, but they do not specifically target the enteric plexi in the gastrointestinal tract.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Dentin and cementum are the two regions of a tooth that contain living cells. Dentin is the hard tissue beneath the enamel and cementum that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It contains living cells called odontoblasts responsible for dentin formation. Cementum is the hard tissue covering the tooth root and is essential for anchoring the tooth in the jawbone. Cementum contains living cells called cementoblasts responsible for cementum formation. Therefore, both dentin and cementum are vital regions of a tooth that house living cells involved in tooth development and maintenance. A: Dentin and enamel - Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth and does not contain living cells. B: Anatomical crown and cementum - Anatomical crown is not a region of the tooth containing living cells. C: Enamel and cementum - Enamel does not contain living cells, only mineralized structures.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: chief or zymogenic cells. These cells are responsible for producing pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen into the gastric lumen. Endocrine cells (A) produce hormones like gastrin, mucous neck cells (B) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and parietal cells (D) secrete hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment for pepsinogen activation. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly produces pepsinogen.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal. The hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter controls the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion. If it does not relax, fat digestion would be impaired, leading to undigested fat in feces. A: Chyme is the semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach, not affected by this sphincter. C: Starch and protein digestion mainly occur in the stomach and small intestine, not directly influenced by this sphincter. D: Chyme enters the large intestine after passing through the small intestine, not controlled by this sphincter directly.