A nurse is caring for a child with nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following findings would the nurse expect to see?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In caring for a child with nephrotic syndrome, the nurse would expect to see swelling around the eyes and ankles (Option B) due to the loss of protein in the urine, leading to hypoalbuminemia and subsequent fluid shifting into the interstitial spaces. This edema, known as anasarca, is a hallmark symptom of nephrotic syndrome. Option A, elevated blood pressure, is not typically associated with nephrotic syndrome unless there are complications such as renal vein thrombosis or acute kidney injury. Option C, hyperactive reflexes, are not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome and typically suggest issues related to the nervous system. Option D, dry skin and mucous membranes, is not a characteristic manifestation of nephrotic syndrome. In fact, these findings are more commonly associated with dehydration or other conditions impacting skin integrity. Educationally, understanding the specific clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide effective care, monitor for complications, and educate both the child and their family on the expected signs and symptoms. Recognizing and interpreting these symptoms accurately can guide appropriate interventions and ensure the best outcomes for the child.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Social communication. The diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. This encompasses challenges in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships. Option A) Growth below the 5th percentile for height and weight is not a diagnostic criterion for autism. While some children with autism may also have growth issues, it is not a defining characteristic of the disorder. Option C) Gross motor development is not a primary diagnostic criteria for autism. Children with autism may vary in their gross motor skills, but this is not a core feature used to diagnose the condition. Option D) Parallel play refers to a stage of play development where children play alongside each other without engaging directly. While difficulties in social play may be observed in children with autism, it is not specific enough to be a sole diagnostic criterion. Educationally, understanding the specific diagnostic criteria for autism is essential for healthcare professionals working with children and families. By recognizing the core features of the disorder, nurses and other healthcare providers can facilitate early identification, appropriate referrals, and targeted interventions to support children with ASD and their families effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) About 250 to 300 ml. Rationale: In utero, fetal lung fluid is continuously secreted and reabsorbed to aid in the development of the fetal lungs. The approximate daily secretion of fetal lung fluid is about 250 to 300 ml. This fluid plays a crucial role in lung development by promoting the growth of alveoli and providing a medium for gas exchange. Option A) About 150 to 200 ml is incorrect because this amount is lower than the typical daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Insufficient fluid secretion could hinder proper lung development. Option C) About 350 to 400 ml is incorrect as this amount is higher than the typical daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Excessive fluid secretion could lead to potential issues such as pulmonary hypoplasia. Option D) About 450 to 500 ml is also incorrect as this amount is significantly higher than the actual daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Excess fluid secretion could cause pulmonary edema and compromise lung development. Educational context: Understanding the physiology of fetal lung fluid secretion is essential for pediatric respiratory nurses. Knowledge of this process helps in providing optimal care for neonates with respiratory issues. By knowing the approximate daily secretion of fetal lung fluid, nurses can assess respiratory development and intervene promptly if any complications arise.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 96 hours. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, this vessel should begin to close within the first few hours due to the increase in oxygen levels in the blood. It usually takes about 72-96 hours (3-4 days) for the ductus arteriosus to completely close in a healthy newborn. Option A) 24 hours is too soon for complete closure as the process typically takes longer. Option B) 48 hours is also premature for complete closure. Option D) 1 week is too long for the closure of the ductus arteriosus in a healthy newborn. Understanding the timing of the closure of the ductus arteriosus is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for newborns in the immediate postnatal period. Recognizing the normal timeline for this closure can help nurses identify potential issues such as persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus (PDA), which may require medical intervention. It is essential for pediatric nurses to have a solid understanding of neonatal cardiac physiology to provide safe and effective care to newborns.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The main potential problem associated with premature rupture of membranes is fetal infection, making option B the correct answer. When the fetal membranes rupture early, it exposes the fetus to the vaginal environment, which can introduce harmful bacteria and lead to infection. This can be dangerous for both the fetus and the mother, potentially leading to serious complications such as chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis. Option A, fetal dehydration, is incorrect because premature rupture of membranes is not directly associated with fetal dehydration. The amniotic fluid, which surrounds the fetus, plays a crucial role in maintaining fetal hydration, and its loss due to early rupture does not typically result in fetal dehydration. Option C, maternal hypotension, and option D, maternal renal failure, are also incorrect as they are not the primary concerns associated with premature rupture of membranes. Maternal hypotension may occur due to other factors, but it is not a direct result of this condition. Maternal renal failure is also not a typical consequence of premature rupture of membranes. Educationally, understanding the potential complications of premature rupture of membranes is essential for nurses and healthcare providers working in pediatric and obstetric settings. Recognizing the signs of infection in both the fetus and the mother is crucial for timely intervention to prevent adverse outcomes. This knowledge enables healthcare professionals to provide appropriate care and support to pregnant women experiencing this complication, ultimately improving maternal and neonatal outcomes.