A nurse is caring for a child with a history of developmental delay. The nurse should include which of the following in the child's care plan?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In caring for a child with a history of developmental delay, promoting early intervention and therapy (Option A) is crucial and the correct choice. Early intervention programs are designed to support children's development and address delays promptly, leading to better outcomes. By providing timely therapies and interventions, the nurse can help the child reach their full potential and improve their quality of life. Encouraging independent activities (Option B) can be beneficial for children's growth but may not be the priority for a child with developmental delays who may need more targeted support and guidance. Similarly, encouraging the child to attend school as early as possible (Option C) may not be the most suitable approach if the child requires specialized educational settings or interventions that are not available in a traditional school setting. Limiting social interactions to reduce frustration (Option D) is not recommended as social interactions are essential for a child's overall development, including communication skills, emotional regulation, and social understanding. Restricting social interactions could hinder the child's progress and well-being. In an educational context, understanding the unique needs of children with developmental delays is crucial for healthcare providers. By choosing the correct option, nurses can advocate for early interventions that will positively impact the child's development trajectory and overall well-being. Supporting families in accessing appropriate resources and therapies is also a key role of nurses in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) About 250 to 300 ml. Rationale: In utero, fetal lung fluid is continuously secreted and reabsorbed to aid in the development of the fetal lungs. The approximate daily secretion of fetal lung fluid is about 250 to 300 ml. This fluid plays a crucial role in lung development by promoting the growth of alveoli and providing a medium for gas exchange. Option A) About 150 to 200 ml is incorrect because this amount is lower than the typical daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Insufficient fluid secretion could hinder proper lung development. Option C) About 350 to 400 ml is incorrect as this amount is higher than the typical daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Excessive fluid secretion could lead to potential issues such as pulmonary hypoplasia. Option D) About 450 to 500 ml is also incorrect as this amount is significantly higher than the actual daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Excess fluid secretion could cause pulmonary edema and compromise lung development. Educational context: Understanding the physiology of fetal lung fluid secretion is essential for pediatric respiratory nurses. Knowledge of this process helps in providing optimal care for neonates with respiratory issues. By knowing the approximate daily secretion of fetal lung fluid, nurses can assess respiratory development and intervene promptly if any complications arise.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 96 hours. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, this vessel should begin to close within the first few hours due to the increase in oxygen levels in the blood. It usually takes about 72-96 hours (3-4 days) for the ductus arteriosus to completely close in a healthy newborn. Option A) 24 hours is too soon for complete closure as the process typically takes longer. Option B) 48 hours is also premature for complete closure. Option D) 1 week is too long for the closure of the ductus arteriosus in a healthy newborn. Understanding the timing of the closure of the ductus arteriosus is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for newborns in the immediate postnatal period. Recognizing the normal timeline for this closure can help nurses identify potential issues such as persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus (PDA), which may require medical intervention. It is essential for pediatric nurses to have a solid understanding of neonatal cardiac physiology to provide safe and effective care to newborns.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The main potential problem associated with premature rupture of membranes is fetal infection, making option B the correct answer. When the fetal membranes rupture early, it exposes the fetus to the vaginal environment, which can introduce harmful bacteria and lead to infection. This can be dangerous for both the fetus and the mother, potentially leading to serious complications such as chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis. Option A, fetal dehydration, is incorrect because premature rupture of membranes is not directly associated with fetal dehydration. The amniotic fluid, which surrounds the fetus, plays a crucial role in maintaining fetal hydration, and its loss due to early rupture does not typically result in fetal dehydration. Option C, maternal hypotension, and option D, maternal renal failure, are also incorrect as they are not the primary concerns associated with premature rupture of membranes. Maternal hypotension may occur due to other factors, but it is not a direct result of this condition. Maternal renal failure is also not a typical consequence of premature rupture of membranes. Educationally, understanding the potential complications of premature rupture of membranes is essential for nurses and healthcare providers working in pediatric and obstetric settings. Recognizing the signs of infection in both the fetus and the mother is crucial for timely intervention to prevent adverse outcomes. This knowledge enables healthcare professionals to provide appropriate care and support to pregnant women experiencing this complication, ultimately improving maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Uteroplacental insufficiency. During a contraction stress test, when the fetal PO2 drops below 12 mm Hg and causes the fetal heart rate to slow, it indicates that the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply from the placenta during contractions. This situation points towards uteroplacental insufficiency, where there is a decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the placenta, leading to fetal hypoxia. Incorrect options: A) Placenta abruption: This is characterized by the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, leading to fetal distress but not necessarily related to decreased oxygen supply during contractions. B) Oligohydramnios: This is a condition of decreased amniotic fluid which can affect fetal well-being but is not directly related to the oxygen supply during contractions. D) Nuchal cords: This refers to the umbilical cord wrapped around the fetal neck, which can impact fetal oxygenation but is not specifically indicated in the scenario described. Educational context: Understanding the implications of fetal monitoring during labor is crucial for nurses caring for pregnant women and their unborn babies. Recognizing signs of fetal distress and understanding the underlying pathophysiology helps in prompt identification and appropriate interventions to ensure optimal outcomes for both the mother and the baby.