A nurse is caring for a child with a diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Which of the following findings would indicate a flare-up of the disease?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In caring for a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, it is crucial for nurses to be able to recognize signs of disease flare-ups. The correct answer is A) Morning stiffness. This is a classic symptom of arthritis flare-ups, as the joints tend to be more stiff and painful in the morning after periods of inactivity. Option B) Increased activity levels would not typically indicate a flare-up of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In fact, overexertion or increased physical activity may exacerbate symptoms but are not specific indicators of disease activity. Option C) Weight gain is not a typical symptom of a disease flare-up in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Weight changes may occur due to various factors, but they are not directly associated with disease exacerbation. Option D) Skin rash is not a common symptom of juvenile idiopathic arthritis flare-ups. While some forms of arthritis may present with skin manifestations, it is not a typical indicator of disease activity in this context. Educationally, understanding these nuances in symptom presentation is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients with chronic conditions like juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recognizing specific indicators of disease flare-ups enables timely intervention and management, ultimately improving the quality of care and outcomes for the child.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In caring for a child with nephrotic syndrome, the nurse would expect to see swelling around the eyes and ankles (Option B) due to the loss of protein in the urine, leading to hypoalbuminemia and subsequent fluid shifting into the interstitial spaces. This edema, known as anasarca, is a hallmark symptom of nephrotic syndrome. Option A, elevated blood pressure, is not typically associated with nephrotic syndrome unless there are complications such as renal vein thrombosis or acute kidney injury. Option C, hyperactive reflexes, are not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome and typically suggest issues related to the nervous system. Option D, dry skin and mucous membranes, is not a characteristic manifestation of nephrotic syndrome. In fact, these findings are more commonly associated with dehydration or other conditions impacting skin integrity. Educationally, understanding the specific clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide effective care, monitor for complications, and educate both the child and their family on the expected signs and symptoms. Recognizing and interpreting these symptoms accurately can guide appropriate interventions and ensure the best outcomes for the child.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In caring for a child with a history of developmental delay, promoting early intervention and therapy (Option A) is crucial and the correct choice. Early intervention programs are designed to support children's development and address delays promptly, leading to better outcomes. By providing timely therapies and interventions, the nurse can help the child reach their full potential and improve their quality of life. Encouraging independent activities (Option B) can be beneficial for children's growth but may not be the priority for a child with developmental delays who may need more targeted support and guidance. Similarly, encouraging the child to attend school as early as possible (Option C) may not be the most suitable approach if the child requires specialized educational settings or interventions that are not available in a traditional school setting. Limiting social interactions to reduce frustration (Option D) is not recommended as social interactions are essential for a child's overall development, including communication skills, emotional regulation, and social understanding. Restricting social interactions could hinder the child's progress and well-being. In an educational context, understanding the unique needs of children with developmental delays is crucial for healthcare providers. By choosing the correct option, nurses can advocate for early interventions that will positively impact the child's development trajectory and overall well-being. Supporting families in accessing appropriate resources and therapies is also a key role of nurses in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Social communication. The diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. This encompasses challenges in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships. Option A) Growth below the 5th percentile for height and weight is not a diagnostic criterion for autism. While some children with autism may also have growth issues, it is not a defining characteristic of the disorder. Option C) Gross motor development is not a primary diagnostic criteria for autism. Children with autism may vary in their gross motor skills, but this is not a core feature used to diagnose the condition. Option D) Parallel play refers to a stage of play development where children play alongside each other without engaging directly. While difficulties in social play may be observed in children with autism, it is not specific enough to be a sole diagnostic criterion. Educationally, understanding the specific diagnostic criteria for autism is essential for healthcare professionals working with children and families. By recognizing the core features of the disorder, nurses and other healthcare providers can facilitate early identification, appropriate referrals, and targeted interventions to support children with ASD and their families effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) About 250 to 300 ml. Rationale: In utero, fetal lung fluid is continuously secreted and reabsorbed to aid in the development of the fetal lungs. The approximate daily secretion of fetal lung fluid is about 250 to 300 ml. This fluid plays a crucial role in lung development by promoting the growth of alveoli and providing a medium for gas exchange. Option A) About 150 to 200 ml is incorrect because this amount is lower than the typical daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Insufficient fluid secretion could hinder proper lung development. Option C) About 350 to 400 ml is incorrect as this amount is higher than the typical daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Excessive fluid secretion could lead to potential issues such as pulmonary hypoplasia. Option D) About 450 to 500 ml is also incorrect as this amount is significantly higher than the actual daily secretion of fetal lung fluid. Excess fluid secretion could cause pulmonary edema and compromise lung development. Educational context: Understanding the physiology of fetal lung fluid secretion is essential for pediatric respiratory nurses. Knowledge of this process helps in providing optimal care for neonates with respiratory issues. By knowing the approximate daily secretion of fetal lung fluid, nurses can assess respiratory development and intervene promptly if any complications arise.