A nurse is assessing a preterm newborn for the possibility of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Which assessment findings should the nurse expect to find if NEC is confirmed? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In assessing a preterm newborn for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the nurse should expect to find abdominal distention as a key indicator. NEC is a serious condition characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the intestines, leading to abdominal distention due to gas and fluid accumulation. This can progress rapidly to abdominal tenderness, discoloration, and systemic signs of sepsis. The other options are not typically associated with NEC. Minimal gastric residual is more indicative of feeding tolerance in neonates. Apnea may be seen in preterm infants due to immature respiratory centers but is not specific to NEC. Urinary output at 2 ml/kg/hr is a parameter used to monitor renal function and fluid balance, not typically a direct sign of NEC. Educationally, understanding the specific signs and symptoms of NEC is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for preterm infants. Recognizing these signs early can lead to prompt intervention and improved outcomes for neonates at risk for NEC. Nurses should be vigilant in assessing abdominal findings and monitoring for any changes that may indicate the onset of NEC in this vulnerable population.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The nurse should expect the anterior fontanel to close between the ages of 12 to 18 months. The fontanel is the soft spot on a baby's head that allows for the growth of the skull during infancy. It is the last fontanel to close, with closure typically occurring by around 18 months of age. Monitoring the closure of the fontanel is important as it can provide valuable information about the baby's hydration status and overall development.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the components of a comprehensive health history is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients. A) Review of systems is a crucial component of the health history as it helps to gather information about a child's past and current health status. This information is vital for identifying any underlying health issues, monitoring for side effects of medications, and assessing the overall well-being of the child. B) While physical assessment is important in pediatric nursing practice, it is not typically a part of the health history. Physical assessment involves the direct examination of the child's body and is usually performed after obtaining the health history to further assess the child's condition. C) A sexual history is not relevant in the context of pediatric nursing and would not typically be included in a child's health history. D) Growth measurements, although important in monitoring a child's development and growth, are usually obtained during a physical examination rather than being included in the health history. In conclusion, understanding the components of a health history, such as the review of systems, is fundamental for pediatric nurses to gather essential information needed to provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Playing peek-a-boo is an appropriate play activity for a 7-month-old infant to encourage visual stimulation. By engaging in peek-a-boo, infants can improve their visual tracking skills, focus, and attention. The sudden appearance and disappearance of faces during the game can captivate the baby's attention and help develop their visual processing abilities. Additionally, playing peek-a-boo can foster social interaction, bonding, and trust between the infant and caregiver, contributing to the baby's overall development and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The term "new morbidity" is now used to describe the impact of behavioral, social, and educational factors on health outcomes. This concept acknowledges that health is not solely determined by physical health conditions but also by one's behaviors, social circumstances, and education levels. Factors such as smoking, substance abuse, stress, lack of education, poverty, and social inequalities can significantly influence an individual's health. Recognizing and addressing these non-traditional health determinants are crucial in promoting overall health and well-being.